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Physiology > NS VI Taste and Smell > Flashcards

NS VI Taste and Smell Flashcards

1
Q

what are taste papillae

A

peripheral organs of gustation

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2
Q

what do taste papillae contain

A

taste buds

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3
Q

what are the functional units of gustation

A

taste buds

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4
Q

what do taste buds contain

A

taste receptor clls

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5
Q

what cell type are taste receptor cells

A

epithelial cells

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6
Q

where are taste receptor cells located

A

on cilia

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7
Q

is there a turnover of taste receptor cells

A

yes very high

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8
Q

what are basal cells

A

cells that can differentiate into taste receptor cells

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9
Q

where are taste papillae located

A

tongue, hard palate, soft palate, pharynx, epiglottis, and larynx

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10
Q

what are the types of papillae

A

filiform papillae, circumvallate papilla, fungiform papilla, foliate papilla

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11
Q

where are circumvallate papillae found

A

dorsal surface of the tongue, makes a V shaped line

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12
Q

where are foliate papillae located

A

posterolateral border of the tongue

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13
Q

where are fungiform papillae located

A

anterior dorsal surface of the tongue

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14
Q

where are extralingual papillae located

A

on soft and hard palate, larynx, epiglottis and pharynx

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15
Q

what activates taste receptors

A

tastants

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16
Q

how many taste types do taste receptor cells have

A

multiple

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17
Q

what taste receptor genes and protein do sweet, bitter, and umami tastes utilize

A

TR1 and TR2 which use the G protein gustducin

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18
Q

what type of receptors do sweet bitter and umami tastes use

A

metabotropic GPCRs

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19
Q

what type of receptors do sour and salty tastes use

A

ionotropic receptors

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20
Q

what is sour taste stimulated by

A

H+

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21
Q

what is sour taste strongly linked to

A

salivation and contraction of facial muscles

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22
Q

what are the stimuli for sweet taste

A

sugars, glycols, alcohols, artificial sweeteners

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23
Q

what proteins are involved in the sweet taste receptor

A

T1R2 and T1R3

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24
Q

what are the stimuli for bitter tastes

A

organic, K+, denatonium, caffeine, strychnine, quinine, nicotine, broccoli, brussel sprouts

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25
Q

what taste has highest number of receptors

A

bitter

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26
Q

what taste has lowest threshold for perception

A

bitter

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27
Q

what receptor family are bitter taste receptors

A

T2R family

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28
Q

what are denatonium salts

A

used to prevent inappropriate ingestion

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29
Q

what stimulates salty taste

A

Na+ and somewhat by Cl-

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30
Q

what is the receptor of salty taste

A

ENaC

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31
Q

what is the stimulus for umami tastes

A

MSG

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32
Q

what is the receptor for umami taste

A

metabotropic glutamate receptor

33
Q

what is the taste signaling cascade in the mouth

A
  1. binding of tastant to receptor causes release of calcium into the cytosol
  2. the calcium activates the channel to allow entry of sodium ions, depolarizing the cell
    -pannexin channels open and release ATP from the cell
    -purinergic receptors on sensory nerve fibers are activated and send signal to the brain
34
Q

what might sweet receptors be involved in in the rest of the body

A

insulin stimulation

35
Q

what might bitter receptors be involved in in the stomach

A

stimulate CCK and emesis

36
Q

what might bitter receptors be involved in in the colon

A

induce osmotic gradient -> diarrhea

37
Q

when is taste specificity best

A

at low ligand concentrations

38
Q

what else does taste depend on besides taste receptors

A

smell

39
Q

where does taste adaptation occur

A

50% of it occurs at the receptor

40
Q

what makes supertasters different

A

have more taste buds and more afferent gustatory neurons

41
Q

what do taste receptor cells synapse with

A

first order neurons

42
Q

what cranial nerves do taste neurons enter the CNS through

A

nerves 7,9, and 10

43
Q

what does the facial nerve contribute to taste

A

-chorda tympani branch - anterior 2/3 of tongue
- greater petrosal superficial nerve - papillae on soft palate

44
Q

what does the glossopharyngeal nerve contribute to taste

A

posterior 1/3 of the tongue

45
Q

what does the vagus nerve contribute to taste

A

pharynx, epiglottis, and larynx

46
Q

where do first order and second order taste neurons synapse

A

in the nucleus tractus solitarii in the medulla

47
Q

describe the NTS in the medulla and what is receives input for

A

purely sensory nucleus and it receives input for taste, chemoreceptors, aortic bodies

48
Q

where are third order taste neurons cell bodies located

A

in the ventral posteromedial nucleus of the thalamus

49
Q

where are second order neurons cell bodies located

A

in the gustatory division of the nucleus of the solitary tract

50
Q

how many olfactory chemicals can one receptor respond to

A

only one kind

51
Q

what type of neurons are olfactory neurons

A

bipolar

52
Q

where do olfactory nuerons synapses occur

A

in the olfactory bulb

53
Q

what type of neurons are olfactory cells

A

primary afferent neurons

54
Q

what do the cilia interact with

A

odorants in mucus

55
Q

what do olfactory receptor cells pass through and what do they synapse with

A

pass through the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone to synapse with mitral cells in the olfactory bulb

56
Q

what are glomeruli

A

globular structures in the olfactory bulbs and it is where the short axons from olfactory receptor cells terminate and dendrites from mitral cells

57
Q

what causes depolarization of olfactory receptors

A

odorants

58
Q

how many olfactory receptor cells with one type of odorant receptor project to one olfactory glomerulus

A

just one

59
Q

how many functional olfactory genes are in humans

A

over 500

60
Q

what are GPCRs coupled to

A

adenylyl cyclase

61
Q

what type of receptors are for olfactory

A

GPCRs

62
Q

how do GPCRs work with olfactory receptors when stimulated

A

odorant binds, ATP converted into cAMP, cAMP opens sodium channels to depolarize olfactory neuron, odorant synapses with mitral cell

63
Q

to be perceived, odorants must…

A

-be volatile
-be partially water soluble
- be partially lipid soluble
-reach olfactory mucosa

64
Q

when is 50% of adaptation achieved

A

in the first second

65
Q

what do granule cells do

A

inhibit mitral cells to send a less strong message

66
Q

how is smell perception terminated

A

odorants must diffuse away, be broken down by enzymes, or adaptation

67
Q

are olfactory receptor proteins dedicated to single odorants

A

NO

68
Q

where does the olfactory nerve enter the brain

A

at the juntion of the midbrain and the cerebrum then divides into two pathways

69
Q

what are the two pathways of the olfactory nerve

A

-medial olfactory area
- lateral olfactory area

70
Q

where does the medial olfactory area go

A

to hypothalamus and limbic system for olfactory reflexes

71
Q

what are the two parts of the lateral olfactory area and where do they go

A

-the less old olfactory system: limbic system
- the newer system: orbitofrontale

72
Q

what is the less old olfactory system responsible for

A

automatic but learned control of food intake and aversion to toxic and unhealthy foods

73
Q

what is the newer system responsible for

A

conscious perception and analysis of olfaction

74
Q

what is taste/ olfactory agnosia

A

inability to interpret taste or smell

75
Q

are gustatory disorders associated with aging

A

no

76
Q

are olfactory disorders associated with aging

A

yes

77
Q

what are common causes of taste disorders

A

-oral products and medications alter taste

78
Q

what are common causes of olfactory disorders

A

-smoking and upper respiratory tract infections
-age
- head trauma
- neurodegenerative diseases, tumors
-medications can alter smell

Physiology (41 decks)

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