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PATH 415 > Immunoglobulins > Flashcards

Immunoglobulins Flashcards

1
Q

What are the different heavy chains of an antibody?

A

μ, γ, α, β, ε

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2
Q

What are the different light chains of an antibody?

A

κ, λ

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3
Q

What determines the specificity of the immunoglobulin?

A

Complementary Determining Regions (CDRs)

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4
Q

Why might we need Ab diversity?

A

Recognize Ag of pathogens

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5
Q

How is diversity of Ab achieved?

A

Somatic Recombination (VDJ)

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6
Q

What is the process of VDJ recombination?

A
  1. Stem cell (Germline DNA)
  2. Progenitor B cell - heavy chain rearrangment
  3. Precursor B cell - light chain rearrangement
  4. Immature B cell
  5. Mature B cell (VDJ rearranged DNA)
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7
Q

How many VDJ gene segments does the heavy chain contain?

A

Variable - 40
Diversity - 25
Joining - 6

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8
Q

How many VDJ gene segments does the light chain (λ) contain?

A

V - 30
D - N/A
J - 4

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9
Q

How many VDJ gene segments does the light chain (κ) contain?

A

V - 40
J - 5

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10
Q

How is the variable region formed?

A
  1. Germline DNA goes through somatic recombination to form D-J joined rearranged DNA
  2. D-J joined rearranged DNA goes through somatic recombination to form V-J or V-DJ joined rearranged DNA
  3. Then goes through transcription to form primary transcript RNA
  4. Splicing of RNA occurs to form mRNA
  5. mRNA undergoes translation to form polypeptide chain
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11
Q

What is the structure of a recombination signal sequence?

A

Heptamer - 7 bp
Spacer - 12 or 23 bp
Nonamer - 9 bp

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12
Q

What is the usual heptamer sequence?

A

CACAGTG

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13
Q

What is the usual nonamer sequence?

A

ACAAAAACC

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14
Q

What are the names of the two mechanisms used to make a recombination signal sequence?

A
  1. Hairpin loop
  2. Tangled configuration
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15
Q

What determines the classes of Ig?

A

Isotypes of heavy chain constant (CH) regions determine the classes of immunoglobulin, which are differentiated by large structural and functional differences.

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16
Q

What are the characteristics of IgM?

A
  1. 5-10% of the immunoglobulin pool
  2. Confined to intravascular space
  3. Additional component involved in multimerization
17
Q

What are the functions of IgM?

A
  1. Primary immune response
  2. Activation of complement
18
Q

What are the characteristics of IgG?

A
  1. 70-85% of the Ig pool
  2. Longest half life (20-24 days)
  3. Four subclasses - 1, 2, 3, 4
19
Q

What are the functions of IgG?

A
  1. Secondary immune response
  2. Activation of complement pathway
  3. Binds to macrophages and neutrophils for enhanced opsonization
  4. Can cross placenta and can enter fetal circulation
20
Q

What are the characteristics of IgA?

A
  1. 5-15% of Ig pool
  2. Predominant in mucous secretions
  3. Two subclasses - 1, 2
21
Q

What are the functions of IgA?

A
  1. Transport across epithelial cells
  2. Activation of complement pathway
  3. Binds to macrophages and neutrophils for enhanced opsonization
  4. Gut protection
22
Q

What are the characteristics of IgE?

A
  1. Low abundance
  2. Additional constant domains
23
Q

What are the functions of IgE?

A
  1. Immunity to parasites
  2. Allergic reactions
  3. Binds to basophils and mast cells
24
Q

What are the characteristics of IgD?

A
  1. Less than 1% of Ig pool
  2. Located on B-cells
25
Q

What are the functions of IgD?

A
  1. Unknown function
  2. May play a role in eliminating B cells

PATH 415 (10 decks)

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