Medicinal Drugs and Immunity

Question 1

What are methods of transmission of pathogens?

Answer 1

by air
direct contact
animal vector (urine, bites etc)
ingestion
by blood (transfusion, intercourse, cuts etc)

Question 2

What are drugs?

Answer 2

any substance that the body takes in which affects or changes it’s metabolic reactions

Question 3

What are antibiotics?

Answer 3

medicinal drugs that kills harmful bacteria by stopping the formation of their cell walls. It is made of microorganisms.

Question 4

What are antibiotics mainly made of? Why?

Answer 4

Fungi, because it and bacteria compete for nutrition

Question 5

What does overuse of antibiotics cause?

Answer 5

the creation of resistant bacteria, due to selection pressure

Question 6

How do resistant bacteria form?

Answer 6

random mutation of bacteria to be resistant, these survive and live on

Question 7

How does a lymphocyte kill a pathogen?

Answer 7

a lymphocyte will not recognize the pathogen
the lymphocyte will reproduce several times
since the lymphocyte has to have a specific shape to fit into the antigens
lymphocytes will release specific antibodies to fight these antigens
some lymphocytes remain dormant as memory cells
antibodies attach to the antigens, and phagocytes are attracted to the area to perform phagocytosis

Question 8

What is passive immunity?

Answer 8

when a person receives the antibodies from another source
no memory cells created

Question 9

What is active immunity?

Answer 9

when a person is exposed to the pathogen and the
person produces antibodies and memory cells

Question 10

What is one example of active artificial immunity?

Answer 10

vaccination

Question 11

What is one example of active natural immunity?

Answer 11

contracting a disease

Question 12

What is one example of passive natural immunity?

Answer 12

receives antibodies from plascenta or breast milk

Question 13

What is one example of passive artificial immunity?

Answer 13

venom serum given to person with antibodies, made by injecting venom into horse

Question 14

What are 4 different ways vaccines can be made?

Answer 14

from weakened pathogens
from dead pathogens
from RNA or DNA of a pathogen
from antigens from the pathogen

Question 15

How does vaccination work?

Answer 15

antigens or dead/weakened pathogens injected into bloodstream
lymphocytes detect the antigens/pathogens and multiply
they produce antibodies
they also produce memory cells
the antibodies attach to the antigens, and phagocytosis occurs
creation of memory cells prevent the disease from causing harm to person in the future

Question 16

What is an advantage of passive immunity?

Answer 16

immediate effects and protection, live pathogen not injected

Question 17

What is an advantage of active immunity?

Answer 17

memory cells created

Question 18

Name the stages of the body after vaccination.

Answer 18

primary immune response, slow production of antibodies
primary production of memory cells
secondary immune response, when infected again
secondary production of memory cells

Question 19

What are symptoms of cholera?

Answer 19

vomiting, diarrhea and dehydration

Question 20

What is the name of the pathogen of cholera?

Answer 20

vibrio cholera

Question 21

How is cholera treated?

Answer 21

antibiotics kill pathogen
ingestion of isotonic solutions to stabilise blood concentration

Question 22

What is the mechanism of action of the vibrio cholera?

Answer 22

destroys cell membrane of colon
activates protein pump that sends chloride to cells in the colon

Question 23

Name 3 ways in which food could be contaminated.

Answer 23

washed by dirty water, touches by flies or dirty hands