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Microbio > Sructures & Energetics > Flashcards

Sructures & Energetics Flashcards

1
Q

How does DNA replication in the bacterial nucleotide occur?

A
  1. Single origin of replication and DNA synthesis
  2. It’s bidirectional from this origin
  3. Starts at one point and goes in opposite directions
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2
Q

What isomers is supercooling done by?

A

Gyro/topoisomers

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3
Q

energy-using processes (building reactions)

A

Anabolism

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4
Q

_____ provides the building blocks and energy for ______.

A
  1. Catabolism
  2. Anabolism
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5
Q

generate ATP using oxidation of ORGANIC compounds

A

Chemorganotrophs

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6
Q

Generate ATP using oxidation of INORGANIC compounds

A

Chemolithotrophs

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7
Q

Generate ATP from harnessing light energy

A

Phototrophs

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8
Q

Utilize CARBON from ORGANIC compounds

A

Heterotrophs

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9
Q

Utilize CARBON from O2, synthesizing their own fuel

A

Autotrophs

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10
Q

What do chemorganotrophs, chemolithotrophs, Heterotrophs, and Autotrophs all have in common?

A

They all generate ATP

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11
Q

Energy released that is available to do work

A

Free Energy (△G)

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12
Q

What does △G equal?

A

Gproducts - Greactants

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13
Q

Reactions with a _______ △G are ______

A
  1. Negative
  2. Exergonic
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14
Q

Reactions with a _____ △G are _______.

A
  1. Positive
  2. Endergonic
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15
Q

what do exergonic reactions release?

A

Free energy

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16
Q

What do endergonic reactions require?

A

Energy

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17
Q

What type of reaction is SPONTANEOUS?

A

Exergonic

18
Q

What type of reaction is NON-SPONTANEOUS

A

Endergonic

19
Q

What is activation energy?

A

The energy required to bring all molecules in a chemical reaction to the reactive state

20
Q

Reducing the _____ will increase the rate of the reaction

A

Activation energy

21
Q

A chemical that increases the rate of reaction without undergoing a physical change

A

Catalyst

22
Q

What are the primary catalysts of biological reactions?

A

Enzymes

23
Q

Enzymes are usually used to catalyze _____ reactions and contain an action site

A

SINGLE

24
Q

What kinds of bonds do enzymes rely on?

A

Weak (Vander Waals, hydrogen, hydrophobic rxns)

25
Q

What do enzymes increase the probability of?

A

A chemical reaction occurring

26
Q

Small, non-protein molecules that participate in catalysis but are not substrates

A

Cofactors

27
Q

Cofactors that are inorganic molecules

A

Prosthetic groups (Fe2+, Mg2+, Ca2+. Mn+)

28
Q

Organic molecules that include NADP+, FAD, NAD+,

A

Coenzymes

29
Q

Cofactor is NOT bound to the enzyme

A

Apoenzyme

30
Q

An enzyme bound to its cofactor that is active

A

Haloenzyme

31
Q

Will an enzyme that requires a cofactor work without one?

A

NO. If it requires one it will not work without a cofactor

32
Q

Hinders a metabolic pathway by having a product of the pathway inhibit an earlier reaction

A

Feedback inhibition

33
Q

Inhibitor binds to the active site to BLOCK the enzyme

A

Competitive inhibition

34
Q

How does non-competitive inhibition work?

A

Inhibitor binds at a site that is not the active site and adjusts the structure of the proteins to inhibit the enzyme, may still bind but nothing will happen

35
Q

What are the elements of life?

A

C, H, N, O, P, S

36
Q

Nutrients that must be supplied by the environment and can’t be generated by the cell

A

Essential nutrients

37
Q

Trace elements are necessary for protein function

A

Micro nutrients

38
Q

What is bacterial growth dependent on?

A

The acquiring of micro and macro essential nutrients

39
Q

An environment rich in essential nutrients will result in _________ growth

A

Faster

40
Q

An environment poor in essential nutrients will result in ________ growth or starvation

A

Slow

41
Q

What can starvation lead to the formation of?

A

Endospores

Microbio (8 decks)

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