Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Geography paper 2 > Uk evolving landcapes > Flashcards

Uk evolving landcapes Flashcards

1
Q

What do we know about UK’s landscape?
What are the three different types of rocks?
Give two examples of sedimentary.
two examples of igneous
two examples of metamorphic

A

It is very varied and changes in height and shape greatly.
Igneous, Metamorphic,sedimentary
chalk and limestone ?
Basalt ,Granite
slate and marble

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are igneous rocks formed from and where ?
2)Why are igneous rocks old in UK?

A

Form from Volcanic activity and are all created at plate boundaries \
when hot, molten rock from the mantle crystallizes and solidifies.
Very hard and have crystalls
Igneous rocks are very old in uk because we aren’t close to any plate boundaries ,we have igneous due to tectonic drift

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How long do sedimentary rocks take to form ?
Where are sediments deposited
what has become trapped in sedimentary rocks ?

A

They form gradually millions of years as dead matter and eroded rocks are transported out to sea.
The sediments are deposited on the seafloor and are compressed under pressure .
Fossils have become trapped in sedimentary rocks
Coastline areas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What do metamorphic rocks begin as ?

A

Metamorphic rocks begin as sedimentary rocks or metamorphic
They are formed underneath extreme pressure and heat ,due to extreme pressure it will squeeze out all the faults ,so they are very hard and are comprised of layers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the three ways tectonic activity has shaped uk landscape?

A

Active volcanoes , Plate collisions Plate movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

South east ?

A

South and east -Softer rock -Erode quicker
West and east -Harder rock -erode less

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How has plate collisions affected landscape?
Whar caused the metamoprhic rocks

A

Plate collisions caused the rocks to be folded and uplifited forming mountain ranges eg scottish highlands,lake ditstrict
extreme heat and temperature from plate colliosn is what caused

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How have volcanoes affected the landscape ?

A

Volcanic activity -active volcanoes forced magma through the earths crust and cooled to form igneous rocks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How have plate movements affected UK landscape ?

A

carboniferous limestone can be found in areas like peak district they were formed in warm shallow seas proving 250 million of years ago uk was in the tropics ,proving plate movement actually happened

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is granite like ?
What areas does it form ?
What does it have crack ?
What kind of areas does granite create and why ?

A

Very resistant forming upland areas
has cracks that aren’t evenly spread
Parts of rocks that have more cracks ,wear down faster
Granite is impermeable-creates areas of waterlooged land and acidic soil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How does slate form?
What are the characteristics of slate?
How is schist different
What areas does it form ,upland or lowland ?
What kind of areas do slate and schist create and why ?

A

Slate forms in layers,very resistant to weathering but splits into thin slabs
Schist is the same but has bigger crystals
form rugged upland areas
are impermeable creating waterlogged areas ,and areas with acidic rain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What areas does chalk usually form in the uk,lowlands ?and coast ?
What kind of rock is chalk?
How are chalk and clay different ?

A

Hills (lowlands )Cliffs (coast )
Chalk is permeable ,water flows through it and emerges as a spring when it meets impermeable rock
Chalk is harder whilst clay is very soft
clay soft ,easily eroded ,forms flat valleys and is impermeable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Carboniferous limestone
how is it created?
Where does most of weathering happen?
what kind of rock is limestone ?

A

rainwater eats away at limestone through carbonation weathering
Most of weathering happens at joints creating gorges and caverns
limestone is permeable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How many glacial periods have there been ?
What was the uk covered in the glacaial period ?
What did this do ?
What else did the glacial period do ?

A

There have been lots of glacial periods during the last 2.6 million years.
Uk was covered in massive sheets of ice
Ice was able to erode the landscape ,carving out U shaped valleys in upland areas
Also deposited lots of material as they melted eg til

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is weathering ?
What are the three types of weathering ?
What is erosion?
What constantly erodes the landscape ?

A

Breakdown of rock into smaller pieces ,can be mechanical ,biological,chemical
Erosion wears away rocks ,rivers and sea constantly erode the landcape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is meant by the post-glacial river processes ?
What did ice leave as it melted?
What is meant by slope processes ?
What are physical processes affected by ?

A

melting ice at the end of glacial periods made rivers much bigger
,with more power to erode landscape .
Ice left distinctive landforms when it melted eg hanging valleys .
Including mass movements eg-rockfalls
Climate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How have humans changed the landscape through agriculture?
How do OS maps show the influence of agriculture?

A

People cleared the land of forest for farming
arable-flat land with good soil is used for growing crops
sheep -harsher conditions
show field boundaries and drainage ditches(dug to make land dry enough for farming )

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is foresty ?
What do os maps show?

A

management of areas of woodland (timber,recreation,conservation)
very little woodland left ,so they are being replanted
Os maps show foresty plantations and areas that are being managed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Where are settlements developed?

A

Settlements develop were there is water supply ,where it can be easily defended and sheltered from the wind and rain.
settlements-land was concreted over roads and buildings which affected drainage patterns
some rivers were diverted through underground channels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is mechanical weathering?eg?
What happens when seawater gets in the rocks ?
what does it create ?

A

breakdown of rock without changing the chemical composition(salt weathering )
seawater gets in cracks in rocks, evaporates ,.
when it evaporates it creates salt crystals, which expand whilst forming putting pressure on the rock.
this repeated process widens crack causing rocks to break .

21
Q

What is chemical weathering ?
What is an example ?
What do seawater and rain water have ?
Carbonic acid reacts with rocks that contain ?

A

breakdown of rock by changing the chemical compostion.(carbonation weathering )
carbonation weathering happens in wet and warm conditions
seawater and rain water have co2 dissolved in them (they are weak carbonic acid )
carbonic acid reacts with rocks that contain calcium carbonate
rocks are dissloved by rainwater

22
Q

What is biological weathering?
What is an example?

A

breakdown of rocks by living things.
eg plant roots break down rocks by growing into cracks and pushing them apart?

23
Q

What is mass movement ?
When does this happen ?
What does mass movement cause ?
When is it most likely to happen ?
What are the three types of mass movements?

A

shifting of rocks and loose material down a slope
the force of gravity is stronger than the force supporting it .
mass movement causes the coast to retreat rapidly .
most likely to happen when material is full of water
slides(material shifts in a straight line ),slumps(shifts with a rotation ),rockfalls (material breaks up and falls down a slope )

24
Q

What is hydraulic power ?
What is abrasion ?
What is attrition ?

A

The force of waves crash against rock ,compressing air in the cracks .
eroded particles in water rub agaisnt rock ,removing small pieces
eroded particles in water smash into each otherbbreaking them down into smaller fragments

25
Q

What are discordant coastlines made up of?
What does this mean in terms of erosional landforms?
What are concordant coastlines ?

A

Discordant coastlines -made up of alternating bands of hard and soft rock that are at right angles to the coast
erosional landforms (bays, headlands)are more common on discordant because rocks are being eroded at different speeds.
Concordant coastlines -made up of alternating bands of soft and hard rock at that are parallel to the coast .Eroded at same rate so less erosional landforms

26
Q

What do mild temperatures increase?and why
What happens with strong winds ?
What happens with intense rainfall ?

A

warm temperatures increase rate of salt weathering because water evaporates more quickly
strong winds -destructive ,high energy waves increasing erosion of cliffs .
Intense rainfall -cause cliffs to become saturated increasing mass movement

27
Q

What are waves that carry out erosional processes called ?
three words to describe them ?
Why is a lot of material removed from the coast ?
What increases this ?

A

waves that carry out erosional processes are called destructive waves
high,steep ,high frequencies
The backwash is stronger than the swash ,removing material from the coast
storms increase this

28
Q

Waves erode cliffs to form wave-cut platforms
Where do waves cause the most erosion ?
What does this form?
What does repeated collapsing result in ?

A

waves cause most erosion at the foot of a cliff
this forms a wave-cut notch ,its enlarged as erosion continues .
the rock above the wave notch becomes unstable and collapses
collapsed material removes itself and wave cut notch starts to form again
repeated collapsing results in cliffs retreating
wave cut iut platform is left behind as cliffs retreated

29
Q

Where do they form ?
How are bays formed ?
How are headlands formed ?

A

Headlands and bays form where there are alternating bands of resistant and less resistant rock along a coast
less resistant rock erodes quickly forming a bay
resistant rock is left jutting out ,forming a headland

30
Q

What are headlands made of?
What erosion occurs ?

A

Headlands are made up of resistant rocks that have weaknesses like cracks .
waves crash into headlands and enlarge the crack (hydraulic power, attrition)
repeated erosion and enlargement of cracks cause caves to form .
continued erosion deepens the cave until it breaks through headland forming an arch
erosion continues to wear away the rock supporting the arch until it eventually collapses forming a stack

31
Q

Transportation is the movement of material
what is the name of the process that transports material along a coast ?
What direction do waves follow?
Waves hit coast at what angle ?
swash carries material at what angle ?
backwash carries materials down at what angle?

A

material is transported along a coasts by a proccess called longshore drift
waves follow direction of prevailing wind
hit coast at oblique angles (not right angle )
swash carries material same direction as the waves
backwash then carries material down the beach at right angles

32
Q

What is deposition?
what causes this to happen ?
What is particular about constructive waves ?

A

deposition -material carried by seawater is dropped on the coast .happens when water carrying sediment isn’t fast enough so drops some sediment
constructive waves are waves swash is stronger than the backwash

33
Q

Human activity have direct and indirect effects
Direct vs indirect effects ?
What are the four key areas that have affected coastline areas ?

A

building coastal defenses will prevent erosion
indirect -building costal defenses will prevent erosion in one place but will increase erosion further along the coast
development,agriculture,industry,costal managment

34
Q

Gives two ways in which Agriculture can affect the coast ?

A

clearing vegetation from grazing land to make room for crops exposes soil and underlying rock leaving it vulnerable to weathering .
some marshalnd is used for agriclture however it gives protection from floods so it directly affects coast

35
Q

Gives two ways in which development effects coastline ?

A

Coasts with lots of settlements have more coastal defenses, Positive direct effect as its more affected.
indirect -Building on coast lowlands can restrict sediment supply making narrower beaches(don’t protects coast aswell)

36
Q

Give four ways human activity can affect the coast.

A

Agriculture ,development ,costal managment,industry

37
Q

Gives two ways industry affects the coast ?

A

Gravel has been extracted from beaches for use in the construction industry: removing material from the coast increasing risk of erosion
industrial growth increased pressure to build on salt marches (natural flood barries )

38
Q

How can coastal management affect the coast?

A

some management strategies alter sediment movements reducing protection and increasing erosion
some reduce erosion preventing the landscape from retreating

39
Q

Rising sea levels
How do rising sea levels affect the coast?

A

pose a threat to low-lying coastal areas.
higher tides flooding the coast more frequently
remove larger amounts of material from beaches.
-narrower beaches,retreating increased risk

40
Q

Storm frequency ?
Why is storms more frequent?
What do storms give?

A

storms are more frequent due to climate change
storms give the sea more erosional power (hard rock is more vunerbale ,soft rock will erode quicker )
Sea has more energy to transport material .
higher energy waves move more material for a greateer distnace leading some areas to be straved

41
Q

Give four threats of flooding to people.

A

low-lying areas could be permanently flooded
coastal industries could be shut
risk of damage to infrastructure
lack of tourism that countries may rely on income from

42
Q

Give two threats of coastal flooding to environment.

A

Ecosystems will be affected as seawater has high sea content of salt-killing organism, affecting soil fertility.
force of water can uproot trees and plants

43
Q

What is hard engineering ?

A

man-made structures built to control flow of sea (reducing flood ,and erosion )

44
Q

Soft enginnering ?

A

Schemes put in place considering the sea and its processes to reduce effects of flooding and erosions

45
Q

What is a sea wall ?
What are the advantages ?
What are the disadvantegs ?
What kind of engineering is it ?

A

A hard wall made to reflect waves back to the sea
prevents erosion and flooding
creates strong backwash eroding under the wall
very expensive to build and mantain
soft

46
Q

What are groynes ?
What do groynes do ?
What are the benefits ?
What are the negatives?

A

a wooden fences that are built at right angles to the coast
Trapping material transported by longshore drift.
benefits -create wider beaches slowing the waves
they are cheap.
Costs -starve beaches further on from sand making them narrower .

47
Q

What are beach replenishments?

A

sand from lower down or elsewhere are added to the upper part of the beaches .
Creates wider beaches slowing the waves
taking material from seabed can kill organisms .
`Its very expensive

48
Q

What does ICZM stand for

A

integrated coastal zone management-Its is an approach that aims to protect the coast whilst taking into considerations everyone’s interests
its long term

Geography paper 2 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions