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Basic Human Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 5: Skeletal System > Flashcards

Chapter 5: Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

What are joints?

A

where two or more bones join together

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2
Q

What do CARTILAGES do? (2)

A

connect some bones; provide smooth surfaces for bone movement

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3
Q

What do LIGAMENTS do?

A

connect bones together

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4
Q

What are the functions of the skeleton? (5)

A

supports the body, protects soft organs, provides leverage for movement, stores minerals and fats, and forms blood cells

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5
Q

How many bones does the adult skeleton have?

A

206

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6
Q

What are the two basic types of bone tissue?

A

Compact bone and Spongy bone

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7
Q

What are the four basic shape groups that bones are classified into?

A

long, flat, short, and irregular

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8
Q

What part of the bone makes up for MOST OF THE BONE’S LENGTH?

A

Diaphysis

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9
Q

What are the ENDS of the bone?

A

Epiphysis

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10
Q

What is the outer connective tissue that covers the bone?

A

Periosteum

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11
Q

What covers the end of the bone?

A

Articular Cartilage

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12
Q

What is the function of the ARTICULAR CARTILAGE?

A

decreases friction at moving joint surfaces

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13
Q

What causes lengthwise growth of a long bone?

A

Epiphyseal plate

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14
Q

What is the remnant of the epiphyseal plate founf in adult bones?

A

Epiphyseal line

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15
Q

What is the CELLULAR LINING of the inner surface of the diaphysis?

A

Endosteum

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16
Q

What is the cavity INSIDE the DIAPHYSIS?

A

Medullary cavity

17
Q

What is the COMPOSITION of a SPONGY bone?

A

the spongy bone is composed of trabeculae (small, needlelike pieces of bone) and open spaces (which are filled by marrow, blood vessels, and nerves)

18
Q

What is the COMPOSITION of a COMPACT bone?

A

the compact bones is composed of osteons (columns of dense tissue)

19
Q

What are OSTEOCYTES?

A

mature bone cells that maintain the bone matrix

20
Q

What are LACUNAE?

A

small spaces that osteocytes are found in

21
Q

What makes the bone have flexibility and great tensile strength (1/3 of bone mass)

A

collagen fibers

22
Q

What makes the bone hard (to resist compression); 2/3 of bone mass

A

calcium salts

23
Q

What is OSSIFICATION?

A

the process of bone formation

24
Q

What are the two major phases of ossification in long bones?

A

the process starts within a hyaline cartilage framework, them osteoblasts cover the hyaline cartilage with bone matrix

25
Q

What are OSTEOBLASTS?

A

bone-forming cells

26
Q

What are the two regions of cartilage that isn’t converted into bone?

A

articular cartilages and epiphyseal plates

27
Q

What ADDS bone matrix to the OUTSIDE of the diaphysis?

A

osteoblasts in the periosteum

28
Q

What REMOVES bone matrix to the INNER SURFACE of the diaphysis?

A

osteoclasts in the endosteum

29
Q

What hormones (2) control bone growth?

A

growth hormones and sex hormones

30
Q

What are the two factors that account for BONE REMODELING?

A

Calcium ion level and the pull of gravity and muscles

31
Q

What determines WHEN bone matrix is broken down or formed?

A

Calcium ion levels

32
Q

What determines WHERE bone matrix is broken down or formed?

A

pull of gravity and muscles

33
Q

What leads to bone matrix FORMATION?

A

hypercalcemia (excess blood calcium levels)

34
Q

What leads to bone matrix BREAKDOWN?

A

hypocalcemia (low blood calcium levels)

35
Q

What happens in HYPERCALCEMIA?

A

parathyroid hormone (PTH) is released and osteoclasts are activated to break down bone matrix and release calcium ion into the blood

36
Q

What happens in HYPOCALCEMIA?

A

calcitonin is released and osteoblasts prompt calcium storage in bones

37
Q

What is a FRACTURE?

A

a break in a bone

38
Q

What is a CLOSED fracture?

A

a break that does not penetrate the skin

39
Q

What is a OPEN fracture?

A

a broken bone that penetrates through the skin

Basic Human Anatomy and Physiology (9 decks)

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