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mls 3H > Immunosero Lec M3 > Flashcards

Immunosero Lec M3 Flashcards

1
Q

3 Main functions of Cellular Migration

A
  • Deliver of leukocytes of myeloid lineage (mainly neutrophils and monocytes) from the circulation into tissue sites of infection or injury
  • Delivery of lymphocytes from their sites of maturation
    (bone marrow or thymus) to peripheral (secondary) lymphoid organs

-Delivery of effector lymphocytes from the secondary lymphoid organs in which they were produced to sites
of infection in any tissue, where they perform their protective functions

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2
Q

Deliver of leukocytes of myeloid lineage (mainly neutrophils and monocytes) from the circulation into
tissue sites of infection or injury

A

1st Main Function

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3
Q

Where are neutrophils and monocytes be typically found?

A

Peripheral Blood (Blood vessels)

Note
Neutrophil and monocytes would just continuously circulate along with blood From the circulation, whenever there would
be an infection or injury, they would travel from the circulation to specific tissue sites of infection or injury

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4
Q

Delivery of lymphocytes from their sites of maturation
(bone marrow or thymus) to peripheral (secondary) lymphoid organs

A

2nd Main Function

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5
Q

Lymphocytes that have not yet reached or matured in the bone marrow or thymus

A

Immature Lymphocytes

Note

Small lymphocytes could either stay in the bone marrow where they would become mature B cells

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6
Q

Lymphocytes that have matured either in the bone marrow or the thymus

A

Mature Lymphocytes

Note

basically a mature B cell or T cell

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7
Q

T cell or B cell that have not been exposed to antigens

A

Naive Lymphocytes

Note

Have not yet encountered bacteria,
fungi, or viruses.
No antigenic stimulation

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8
Q

main organ for
hematopoiesis

A

Bone Marrow

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9
Q

Bone marrow creates _________ that would become lymphocytes

A

Stem Cells

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10
Q

In the bone marrow, what are two things that would happen in dealing with lymphocytes

A

Certain percentage of small lymphocytes will either

  • stay in the bone marrow
    or
    -they would travel to
    the types

Note

If they stay in the bone marrow, the small lymphocytes would become B cells

If they travel in the thymus, they would
become T cells.

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11
Q

From the circulation, the Mature T cells and Mature B cells would now go to the secondary lymphoid organs, specifically
_______ and _______

A

lymph nodes and spleen

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12
Q

While the mature b cells and t cells are travelling to the secondary lymphoid organs, they
would now be considered ______ T cells and B cells.

A

Naive

Note

They have basically not yet been exposed to antigenic components

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13
Q

When they go the secondary lymphoid
organs (lymph nodes and spleen), they
would encounter antigens which will make them now become an ________ T cell and B cell

A

Activated

Note

From the activated form, they would be
required to go to different sites of infection to perform their protective function

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14
Q

T cell would either develop into ______ and ______

A
  • T helper cell
  • T Cytotoxic cell
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15
Q

B cell will become ______ or ______

A
  • Plasma Cell
  • Memory Cell
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16
Q

Delivery of effector lymphocytes from the secondary lymphoid organs in which they were produced to sites
of infection in any tissue, where they perform their protective functions

A

3rd Main Function

Note

Effector is somewhat synonymous to
activated

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17
Q

Sentinel cell refers to _____

A

Macrophage

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18
Q

Macrophage of the liver

A

Kupffer Cells

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19
Q

Whenever the sentinel cells encounter an
antigen, it would now release certain chemicals known as _______

A

Cytokines

19
Q

Whenever the sentinel cells encounter an
antigen, it would now release certain chemicals known as _______

A

Cytokines

20
Q

capable of creating molecules known as
chemokines

A

Microbes and Necrotic Tissue

21
Q

Adhesion of circulating leukocytes to vascular
endothelial cells is mediated by 2 classes of molecules which are

A
  • SELECTINS
  • INTEGRINS

Note

Selectins and integrins have ligands or their
receptors

22
Q

Are plasma membrane carbohydrate-binding adhesion molecules that mediate an initial step of low-affinity adhesion of circulating leukocytes to endothelial cells lining post capillary venules

A

Selectins

Note

Selectins are typically found in the surface of
the endothelium and they would only provide a weak initial attachment or affinity

23
Q

What are two types of selectins?

A

P-selectin (CD62P) and E-selectin (CD62E)

24
Q

It is stored in cytoplasmic granules of endothelial cells, and is rapidly redistributed to the luminal surface in response to histamine from mast cells and thrombin generated during blood coagulation

A

P-Selectin (CD62P)

Note

named because it was first found in platelets

P (Platelets) - selectin

Inside the endothelial lining, there would be
cytoplasmic granules

Inside the cytoplasmic granules is where
P-selectin is

25
Q

How does P-selectin redistribute itself?

A

Due to histamine from mast cells and thrombin generated during blood coagulation

26
Q

is the one responsible for converting fibrinogen into a fibrin

A

Thrombin

Note

Thrombin is generated whenever you would
have an injury or wound

27
Q

Fibrin would act as a
_____ to capture cell
decrease

A

Net

28
Q

is synthesize and expressed on the
endothelial cell surface within 1 to 2 hours in
response to the cytokines interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF), which are produced by
tissue sentinel cells (DCs and macrophages) in
response to infection

A

E-Selectin (CD62E)

Note

Microbial products such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) also stimulate E-selectin expression on endothelial cells

E-selectin is found in the endothelial cell
surface

In the endothelial lining, there would be
endothelial cells. Inside the endothelial cells
is where E-selectin is.

29
Q

They are usually produced due to the
presence of IL-1 and tumor necrosis factor
(TNF)

A

E-Selectin

30
Q

What causes the expression of your E-selectin or which cytokine causes the
expression of E-selectin?

A

IL-1 and tumor necrosis factor

Note

Whenever macrophage secreted cytokine such as IL-1 and tumor necrosis factor, it would cause the expression of E-selectin

31
Q

A third selectin that is expressed on leukocytes and not on endothelial cells.
L-selectin on neutrophils promotes the adhesion of these cells to endothelial cells that are activated by IL-1, TNF, and other inflammatory cytokines.

A

L-Selectin (CD62L)

Note

This is not part of the main selectins

It is found in leukocytes and not on endothelial cells

32
Q

In adaptive immunity, this selectin is required for naïve T and B lymphocytes to home into lymph nodes through specialized blood vessels called high endothelial
venules (HEVs)

A

L-Selectin (CD62L)

33
Q

Entry way of naive T and B cell

A

High Endothelial Venules (HEVs)

Note

The one that serves as a guide is the L-selectin

34
Q

Which selectin is found in leukocytes?

A

L-Selectin

35
Q

are cell surface proteins that mediate
adhesion of cells to other cells or to extracellular matrix, through specific binding interactions with various ligands

A

Integrins

Note

Found in cell surface or WBC

36
Q

what stimulate leukocyte movement and regulate the migration of leukocytes from the blood to tissues

A

Chemokines

Note

are a large family of structurally homologous cytokines that stimulate leukocyte movement and regulate the migration of leukocytes
from the blood to tissues.

Chemokines would call WBC to the site of injury.

Cytokines would also call WBC but cytokines
mainly used to activate the different adhesion molecules

37
Q

The name chemokine is a contraction of

A

Chemotactic Cytokine

38
Q

Chemokines are subdivided into 4 groups. What are the 4 groups?

A

1st group - CC chemokines

2nd group - CXC chemokines

3rd group - C chemokines

4th group - CX3C chemokines

39
Q

Chemokine plays two roles of inflammation, what are these?

A
  • Increased adhesion of leukocytes to endothelium.
  • Migration of leukocytes through blood vessels and toward the site of infection or tissue damage

Note

In inflammatory reactions, chemokines serve to recruit circulating leukocytes from blood vessels into
extravascular sites

40
Q

Involved in the development of lymphoid organs, and
they regulate the traffic of lymphocytes and other leukocytes through different regions of secondary
lymphoid organs.

A

Chemokines

Note

Chemokines are required for the migration of DCs from sites of infection into draining lymph nodes

41
Q

Leukocyte recruitment from the blood into tissues requires adhesion of the leukocytes to the endothelial lining of postcapillary venules and then movement
through the endothelium and vessel wall into the
extravascular tissue.

A

Leukocyte-Endothelial Interaction

42
Q

There are four things that would occur
whenever there would be a WBC endothelial
interaction.

A
  • Rolling
  • Integrin activation by chemokines
  • Stable adhesion
  • Migration through endothelial

Note

Process of Leukocyte-Endothelial interaction’

  1. Selectin-mediated rolling of leukocytes on
    endothelium
  2. Chemokine-mediated increase in affinity of integrins
  3. Stable integrin-mediated arrest of leukocytes on endothelium
  4. Transmigration of leukocytes through the
    endothelium
43
Q

Leukocyte-endothelial interaction would begin when ever macrophages would be stimulated by microbes such as

A
  • Antigen
  • Bacteria
  • Fungi
44
Q

Known as the characteristics of the WBC which they are capable of squeezing through the tissues

A

Diapedesis

45
Q

serves as a homing signal to find where the organisms is

A

Chemokines

46
Q

What is the first leukocyte to migrate to sites of infection or tissue injury?

A

Neutrophils

Note

Monocyte would follow a few hours after

mls 3H (12 decks)

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