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02 - mcbg > 6 - General Nutrition > Flashcards

6 - General Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

What is metabolism?

A

The chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life

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2
Q

What are anabolic and catabolic processes?

A
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3
Q

Why do we need energy?

A
  • Mechanical work
  • Transport work
  • Biosynthetic work
  • Electrical work
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4
Q

How is ATP produced?

A

Oxidation of:
- Lipids

  • Alcohol
  • Carbohydrates
  • Proteins
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5
Q

What is the SI unit of food energy?

A

kJ (1000J)

1kCal = 4.2 kJ

(when packets say 100 cal, they actually mean 100kCal)

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6
Q

What is the definition of a kCal?

A

Amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1kg of water by one degree celsius

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7
Q

What do we need in our diet and what is essential?

A

- Carbohydrates - energy

- Protein - energy and aa

- Fat - energy and essential

- Minerals - essential

- Vitamins - essential

- Water

- Fibre - GI function

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8
Q

What is the general structure of carbohydrates?

A

(CH2O)

Contain ketone and aldehyde groups and multiple OH’s

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9
Q

What is a dextrin?

A

Oligosaccharide (3-12 units)

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10
Q

Why is cellulose essential and why can’t we digest it?

A
  • Needed for GI function
  • Used to lower cholesterol and risk of diabetes
  • Low fibre intake associated with bowel cancer and constipation
  • We don’t have enzymes to hydrolyse b 1-4 linkages
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11
Q

What are the three disaccharides and what are they made of?

A
  • Sucrose (glucose and fructose)
  • Lactose (glucose and galactose)
  • Maltose (glucose and glucose)
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12
Q

What amino acids are essential?

A

If Learned This Huge List May Prove Truly Valuable ​

  • Isoleucine
  • Leucine
  • Threonine
  • Histidine
  • Lysine
  • Methionine
  • Phenylalanine
  • Tryptophan
  • Valine
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13
Q

What are conditionally essential amino acids?

A

Not always essential but under certain circumstances they are (e.g illness and stress) as there is a high rate of protein synthesis

e.g pregnant women and children need some tyrosine, arginine and cysteine

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14
Q

Why do vegetarians sometimes have illness?

A
  • Can’t get all essential amino acids from a single plant like you can with single bit of meat
  • Need wide variety of plant sources as vegetarian
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15
Q

What are lipids composed off and why are they essential?

A
  • Triacylglycerols

(more reduced than carbohydrates so release more energy)

  • Needed for absorption of fat soluble vitamins (A,D,E,K)
  • Provide essential FA, linolenic and linoleic acid
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16
Q

Why is linolenic acid essential?

A

Used to make phospholipids

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17
Q

What minerals are essential and what for?

A
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18
Q

To maintain water and electrolytes in the body what is recommended to administer IV?

A

Water: 30ml/kg/day

Na/K/Cl: 1mmol/kg/day each

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19
Q

What vitamins are essential and what do they cause if there is a deficiency?

A

In tiny quantities

- A: Xerophthalmia (dry eye)

- D: Rickets

- E: Neurological abnormalities

- K: Defective blood clotting

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20
Q

What is hypervitaminosis?

A

Intake of too much vitamins

Usually due to supplements

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21
Q

What are some water soluble vitamins?

A
22
Q

What should be our daily intake of fibre?

A

18g a day

(usually lower than this on average in real population)

(found in veg, cereal foods)

23
Q

What are dietary reference values (DRV)?

A

Estimates published by SACN of the amount of energy and nutrients needed by different groups of healthy UK population, replaced RDA

24
Q

What is the Daily Energy Expenditure?

A

BMR(~1700) + DIT(~150) + PAL(~1000-3000)

  • 58kg woman - 9,500 kJ/day
  • 70kg man - 12,000 kJ/day
25
Q

What does the BMR use energy for and what factors affect BMR?

A

Used for ion transport and biochemical reactions in cells

  • Gender

- Environment

- Body size

- Body temperature (10% increase per 1 degree)

- Endocrine status (hyperthyroidism)

- Lactation and prengancy

26
Q

How do PAL affect energy expenditure?

A

Sedentary- 30kJ/kg/day

Moderately active - 60kJ/kg/day

Very active - 100kJ/kg/day

27
Q

What organs make up BMR?

A

Skeletal muscle - 30%

Liver - 20%

Brain - 20%

Heart - 10%

Other - 20% (maintaining body temp)

28
Q

What is the theoretical energy component in each food group of our diet?

A
29
Q

How do you calculate BMR?

A

If not overweight, 100 x weight (kg)

30
Q

How do you work out DIT?

A

10% of the energy intake

31
Q

Where are energy stores in the body?

A
  • Creatine Phosphate in muscle (few seconds worth)
  • Glycogen in liver100g and muscle300g
  • Excess fat stored in adipose tissue (40 days worth)
  • Protein last resort
32
Q

What is the body weight made up of in a 70kg man and a 100kg man?

A
33
Q

What is obesity?

A

Chronic disease where there is excess fat in adipose tissue that impairs health, BMI > 30

  • Cancer
  • Gallbladder disease
  • Type II diabetes
  • Hypertension
  • CVD
  • Osteoarthiritis
34
Q

How do you calculate and interpret BMI?

A
35
Q

What is an alternative measurement to BMI?

A

Waist:Hip ratio

>0.9 (m) >0.85 (f) obese

  • More fat on waist than hips leads to risk of stroke, type 2 diabetes, hypertension
36
Q

How would you work out the rate of weight loss for someone who has a daily energy expenditure of 12,000 kJ stopped eating?

A

Would mobilise fat stores (37kJ/g)

12,000/37 = 324g/day x 7 = 2.3kg/week

37
Q

Who does the eatwell plate not apply to?

A
  • Children under two
  • Malnourished people
  • Special dietary needs
38
Q

What is malnutrition and how is it measured?

A

Imbalance between what an indiviual eats and what the individual requires for sustained health

MUST (high) - Inpatients, Outpatients, GP, care homes

Malnourished patients spend longer in hospital

39
Q

What can malnutrition be caused by?

A

Undernutrition: Anorexia, Bulimia nervosa, Lack of food in developing countries

Malabsorption: Coeliac’s and Crohn’s disease

40
Q

How much water do we need to drink a day?

A
  • 2.5 litres lost to faces, urine and expiration
  • Metabolism produces 350ml
  • We need to drink the rest (2.2 litres)
41
Q

How much is one unit of alcohol?

A

10mg alcohol

Half a pint, small glass of wine

14 units a week, over three days and at least two days alcohol free

42
Q

What would you do if someone was malnourished in hospital?

A
  • Allow them to eat lots of what they like at first
  • Fortisip
43
Q

What is Marasmus?

A
44
Q

What is Kwashiorkors?

A
45
Q

What are the differences between Marasmus and Kwashiorkor’s?

A
46
Q

What is refeeding syndrome?

A

When you eat a lot after not eating for a while, leads to convulsions, coma, death, confusion. Due to ammonia toxicity as there is a downregulation in enzymes of the urea cycle

Refeed at 5-10kcal/kg/day over a week

  • Cancer patients, anorexic patients, post surgery, alcoholics
47
Q

How would you refeed someone with Kwashiorkor’s and Marasmus?

A

Marasmus: Slowly, small amounts carefully monitored

Kwashiorkor’s: Small amounts of proteins at regular intervals. Can’t have lots as there is a downregulation of enzymes in urea cycle so leads to build up of ammonia which is toxic

48
Q

What is Starling’s law of the capillary?

A
49
Q

What happens to excess amino acids in the blood?

A

Excreted in the urine

50
Q

Why is there muscle wasting and fatigue in a child with Marasmus?

A
  • Energy intake is less than energy requirement
  • Protein from muscles is broken down into amino acids for gluconeogenesis
51
Q

Why is there oedema in Kwashiorkor’s but not Marasmus?

A

Kwashiokor is a protein deficiency but Marasmus is a energy deficiency so Marasmus adapt and can produce lipo-proteins with low levels of everything. Kwashiokor cannot produce lipoproteins as low protein so lipids build up in the liver, leading to an enlarged liver and hypoalbuminimea

52
Q

Why do malnourished people have a poor immun system?

A

Don’t have the amino acids to produce antibodies

02 - mcbg (20 decks)

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