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bio-060-110 dlu > Topic 7 (study objectives) > Flashcards

Topic 7 (study objectives) Flashcards

1
Q

genome

A

The entire genetic complement (DNA) of an organism.

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2
Q

diploid

A

A cell, nucleus, or organism containing two sets of chromosomes (2n).

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3
Q

haploid

A

Describes a cell, nucleus, or organism containing one set of chromosomes (n).

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4
Q

homologous chromosomes

A

a pair of chromosomes of the same length with genes in the same location; diploid organisms have pairs of homologous chromosomes and the members or each pair come from different parents.

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5
Q

kinetochore

A

a protein structure in the centromere of each sister chromatid that attracts and bone spindle microtubles during metaphase.

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6
Q

chromatid

A

is one of the two identical halves of a chromosome that has been replicated in preparation for cell division.

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7
Q

centromere

A

the centre of a chromosome where the cell’s spindle fibres attach.

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8
Q

centrosome

A

a cellular structure that contributes to cell division by organizing microtubules. That contains two centrioles.

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9
Q

centrioles

A

are paired barrel-shaped organelle located in a the cytoplasm of animal cells. They play a role is organizing microtubules that serve as the cell’s skeletal system. They help determine the locations of the nucleus and other organelles within the cell.

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10
Q

mitosis

A

division of the nucleus.

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11
Q

cytokinesis

A

division of the cell.

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12
Q

What are the different parts of interphase?

A

G1, S, G2, and G0.

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13
Q

What happens in G1 phase?

A

The cell grows and carries out its normal cell functions, organelles double in number, and an accumulation of materials.

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14
Q

What happens in S phase?

A

DNA replication (duplicating its chromosomes).

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15
Q

What happens in G2?

A

cell prepares for division, synthesis of proteins needed for division.

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16
Q

What happens in G0?

A

It is the resting phase of the cell cycle.

17
Q

More info about G0 phase?

A

In G0 a cell is not actively preparing to divide, it’s just doing its job. For instance, it might conduct signals as a neuron (like the one in the drawing below) or store carbohydrates as a liver cell. G0 is a permanent state for some cells, while others may re-start division if they get the right signals.

18
Q

What are the phases of Mitosis in order?

A

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase.

19
Q

What 4 things happen in prophase?

A

1) chromosomes condense and become visible. 2) spindle fibres grow from centrioles. 3) centrioles move to opposite poles. 4) Nuclear membrane disappears.

20
Q

What 2 things happen in metaphase?

A

1) chromosomes like up along the midline. 2) spindle fibres attach to the kinetochores.

21
Q

What one main thing happens in anaphase?

A

1) spindle fibres pull sister chromatids to opposite poles of cell.

22
Q

What 3 things happen in telophase?

A

1) chromosomes unwind and become “chromatin”. 2) the nuclear envelope reforms in each daughter cell. 3) mitotic spindle disappears.

23
Q

What is the role of the spindle in cell division?

A

The spindle fibres keep chromosomes organized, aligned and assorted during the process of mitosis, lessening the occurrence of aneuploidy, or daughter cells with incomplete sets of chromosomes.

24
Q

What happens in cytokinesis in plant cells?

A

Vesicles secrete cellulose between daughter nuclei to form a new cell membrane, next a cell plate is formed until finally a cell wall is formed around each daughter nuclei and the cell are separated.

25
Q

What happens in cytokinesis in animal cells?

A

A cleavage furrow appears between daughter nuclei. A contactile ring contracts deepening the furrow. This process continues until the cell separates.

26
Q

What are the 4 important differences between cancer cells and normal cells?

A

1) lack differentiation. 2) Have abnormal nuclei. 3) Form tumours. 4) Metastasize (travel through the blood stream to start tumours).

27
Q

Where are the three check points in a cell?

A

At the beginning of G1, at the end of G2, and at the end of metaphase.

28
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

programmed cell death.

29
Q

What does check point G1 do?

A

Ensures DNA is checked for mutations, and that all chromosomes divided correctly.

30
Q

What does check point G2 do?

A

DNA is checked to ensure all chromosomes replicated correctly.

31
Q

What does check point M do?

A

Checks that all chromatids correctly attached to the spindle microtubules.

bio-060-110 dlu (6 decks)

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