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Cardio-Vascular System > Blood Vessel Structure and Function > Flashcards

Blood Vessel Structure and Function Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 general layers of every blood vessel?

A
  • Lumen
  • Tunica intima
  • Tunica media
  • Tunica adventitia
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2
Q

What is the tunica intima layer made up of

A

Internal elastic lamina

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3
Q

what is the tunica layer media made up of

A

External elastic lamina

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4
Q
  1. What is found in the tunica intima
A
  • Endothelial cells
  • Basement membrane that supports connective tissue
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5
Q
  1. What is found in the tunica media
A

Smooth muscle and elastin

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6
Q
  1. What is found in the tunica adventitia
A

Supporting connective tissue that contains fibres with some vessels & nerves

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7
Q
  1. Describe the differences in structure of the layers of arteries and veins
A
  • Arteries: smaller lumen, large tunica media
  • Veins: thin walls, larger lumen
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8
Q
  1. What is the importance of veins having thinner walls?
A

allows for stretch to occur which allows for additional blood volume into the vessel

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9
Q
  1. What are arterioles?
A

Small resistance vessels with muscular walls

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10
Q

What are venules?

A

smallest vessels in the venous circulation

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11
Q
  1. Describe what happens when blood flow is reduced.
A

Reduced blood flow leads to improper perfusion of tissues and lack of nutrients (ischaemia). this can lead to cell death

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12
Q
  1. What does too much flow to arterioles do?
A

Too much flow damages delicate tissue structure.

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13
Q
  1. How do arterioles control reduced/ too much blood flow?
A

Arterioles control this by varying their diameter

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14
Q

What is raynaud’s disease?

A

When smaller arteries that supply blood to the skin become limited, causing vasospasms

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15
Q

Name 4 components of capillaries

A
  • Endothelial cells (1 cell thick)
  • Basement membrane
  • Some collagen fibrils
  • Occasional pericytes
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16
Q

What are occasional pericytes

A

contractile cells that work with collagen fibrils to aid in the constriction and dilation of capillaries

17
Q
  1. What is the diameter of capillaries
A

5-8 µm

18
Q
  1. How are endothelial cells joined and what do they contain?
A

Joined together by tight junctions and contain many vesicles

19
Q
  1. Name 6 functions of endothelial cells
A
  • Permeability barrier
  • Produces extracellular matrix
  • Produces factors that modulate blood flow
  • Produces anticoagulants and prothrombotics
  • Regulates inflammation
  • Cell growth
20
Q
  1. Name 3 ways things inside the capillaries are transported across endothelial cells
A
  • Diffusion
  • Transcytosis via pinocytotic vesicles
  • Via the intercellular space
21
Q

How do gases and ions travel across the endothelial cells?

A

diffusion

22
Q

How do proteins and lipids travel across the endothelial cells

A

Transcytosis via pinocytotic vesicles

23
Q
  1. How do cells travel across the endothelial cells
A

Via the intercellular space

24
Q

What do fenestrated capillaries have in their walls

A

Fenestrae and diaphragm

25
Q
  1. What do sinusoidal capillaries have in their walls?
A

literal gaps

26
Q

What type of system is the venous system

A

low pressure system

27
Q

Explain how valves and muscle surrounding the vein facilitates blood flow against gravity

A
  1. muscle around the vessel relaxes, causing the valves to close
  2. Muscle contracts. The upper valve opens, blood forced upwards. The lower valve stays closed
  3. Muscle relaxes, upper valve closes and the lower valve opens due to muscle contraction elsewhere. Blood flows upwards through lower valve.
28
Q
  1. What does incorrect functioning of valves lead to
A

leads to formation of varicose veins

29
Q
  1. What is the texture of the endothelium
A

the endothelium is a smooth, non-stick surface texture

30
Q
  1. What type of flow does the endothelium facilitate
A

facilitates Laminar flow

31
Q
  1. When does turbulent flow occur
A

turbulent flow occurs where vessels branch and when blood pressure is raised

32
Q

What can turbulent flow lead to?

A

This can eventually lead to damage to the endothelium

33
Q

What does damage to the endothelium result in?

A

Results in exposure of the blood to collagen and other factors resulting in blood clotting

34
Q
  1. What is a thrombus
A

Solid mass of blood constituents formed within the vascular system in life

35
Q
  1. What is atherosclerosis
A

fatty deposits in the tunica intima that harden the walls and narrow the lumen of arteries

36
Q
  1. What is arteriosclerosis
A

wall thickening and hardening affecting smaller arteries and arterioles

37
Q
  1. What are the main factors resulting in arteriosclerosis
A

Main factors are:
- Hypertension
- Diabetes mellitus

38
Q
  1. Why do thrombuses, atherosclerosis and arteriolosclerosis pose a threat?
A

They pose a threat because they narrow the lumen reducing blood flow to tissues which can lead to ischaemia.

Cardio-Vascular System (7 decks)

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