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Next Gen Exam 3 > Anatomy/Physiology > Flashcards

Anatomy/Physiology Flashcards

Covers: Mammary Gland Anatomy; Mammary Gland/Milk Production

1
Q

What is the location of the mammary glands in dogs, cats, and pigs?

A

(Thoracoinguinal)

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2
Q

What is the location of the mammary glands in horses and ruminants?

A

(Inguinal)

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3
Q

How many mammary complexes do mares typically have?

A

(2)

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4
Q

How many mammary complexes do cows typically have?

A

(4)

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5
Q

How many mammary complexes do queens typically have?

A

(8)

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6
Q

How many mammary complexes do bitches typically have?

A

(10)

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7
Q

How many mammary complexes do gilts/sows typically have?

A

(14)

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8
Q

(T/F) In most species, the males have the same number and position of teats as their female counterparts.

A

(T)

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9
Q

(T/F) Mares have smooth muscle sphincters that close the teat canals.

A

(F, they do not have smooth muscle sphincters they instead have elastic fibers that close the teat canal)

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10
Q

What two structures make up a mammary complex?

A

(One mammary gland and one papilla/teat)

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11
Q

Which species have one lactiferous unit per mammary complex?

A

(Ruminants)

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12
Q

(T/F) There is no communication between lactiferous ducts/units in species that have multiple.

A

(T)

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13
Q

Are the two medial lamina of connective tissue associated with the suspensory apparatus of the udder elastic or fibrous (choose one)?

A

(Elastic)

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14
Q

Are the two lateral lamina of connective tissue associated with the suspensory ligament of the udder elastic or fibrous (choose one)?

A

(Fibrous)

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15
Q

(T/F) The right and left lateral laminae of the udder do not join under the bottom of the udder.

A

(T)

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16
Q

What branch does the external pudendal artery provide that supplies the mammary glands in dogs, cats, and pigs?

A

(The caudal superficial epigastric artery)

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17
Q

What artery is the cranial superficial epigastric artery a branch of?

A

(The internal thoracic artery)

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18
Q

What branch does the internal thoracic artery provide that supplies the mammary glands in dogs, cats, and pigs?

A

(The cranial superficial epigastric artery)

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19
Q

What are the dog, cat, and pig equivalent arteries to the cranial and caudal mammary arteries in ruminants and horses?

A

(Cranial mammary artery equals caudal superficial epigastric artery and caudal mammary artery equals ventral labial artery)

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20
Q

The cranial and caudal mammary arteries are branches of what artery?

A

(External pudendal)

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21
Q

What lymph nodes drains the thoracic mammary glands in species that have them? Two answers.

A

(The axillary and sternal lnn)

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22
Q

What lymph node drains the caudal mammary glands in species that have them?

A

(Superficial inguinal ln aka mammary ln)

23
Q

What is the consequence of some of the lymphatics draining the mammary glands having direct connections with internal thoracic/intercostal veins?

A

(They bypass the lymph nodes and can result in the lungs having metastasis from the mammary glands with an unaffected lymph node)

24
Q

What is the term for the erectile venous circle present at the junction between the gland and teat sinus in cows, that in addition to the annular fold prevents milk outflow except during milking or suckling?

A

(Furstenberg’s venous ring)

25
Q

What is the purpose of the annular ring, furstenberg’s venous ring, and the muscular sphincter of the papillary ostium, all of which are present in a cow’s teat?

A

(To prevent milk outflow except during milking or suckling)

26
Q

What is the rosette of furstenberg?

A

(The internal opening of the teat canal)

27
Q

What is the main barrier against intramammary infection?

A

(The teat/streak canal)

28
Q

What are the four sites of stenosis/obstruction within a cow’s teat?

A

(At the teat canal (since they only have the one), furstenberg’s rosette, the teat sinus, and the annular ring)

29
Q

What nerves provide sensory innervation to the skin of the cranial forequarters of the udder? Two answers, be specific.

A

(Ventral branches of L1 and L2)

30
Q

What nerve provides sensory innervation to the skin over the middle udder, the lactiferous glands, and the deep parts of the teat wall?

A

(The genitofemoral nerve)

31
Q

What branches from the pudendal nerve provide sensory innervation to the hindquarters of the udder?

A

(Mammary branches)

32
Q

Where do the nerves that provide autonomic innervation to the udder originate from?

A

(Caudal mesenteric ganglion)

33
Q

What are the components of milk? Five answers.

A

(Water, fat, protein, milk sugar, and minerals/vitamins)

34
Q

What is the largest protein component of milk?

A

(Casein)

35
Q

Milk proteins are mostly formed in the mammary gland by what cells?

A

(Lactational epithelial cells; there is also a small amount of serum albumin and immunoglobulins that enter the mammary glands preformed from the blood)

36
Q

What is the rate limiting step in milk production in cattle?

A

(Lactose production)

37
Q

What is approximately half of the fat content in milk made from in the udder?

A

(Acetate and butyrate; other half is pooled fatty acids from the blood that were synthesized in the liver based on the moms diet)

38
Q

Is nutrient intake or body reserves more important for early lactation?

A

(Body reserves, rumen is still squished from the previous space occupying lesion so she will be unable to eat a bunch until the rumen expands again)

39
Q

Body weight is at its lowest in early, mid, or late lactation (choose one)?

A

(Mid-lactation, bc she just used up all of her body reserves in early lactation waiting for the rumen to expand enough to intake more dry matter)

40
Q

What is the term for the stage of mammary gland growth?

A

(Mammogenesis)

41
Q

Which hormone stimulates duct development along with prolactin and growth hormone?

A

(Estrogen)

42
Q

What hormone stimulates mammary gland alveoli development?

A

(Progesterone)

43
Q

What hormone is needed to stimulate cells within the mammary glands to produce milk?

A

(Prolactin)

44
Q

What is the term for the initiation of lactation?

A

(Lactogenesis)

45
Q

What effect does dopamine have on prolactin?

A

(It is inhibitory so it produces agalactia)

46
Q

What drug is used to inhibit the dopaminergic effects of ergot alkaloid containing fescue hay?

A

(Domperidone)

47
Q

What is the term for the biosynthesis of milk?

A

(Galactopoiesis)

48
Q

What is galactokinesis?

A

(Milk ejection)

49
Q

What hormone is released that can inhibit the effects of oxytocin when a mom is in pain, scared, or stressed?

A

(Epinephrine → produces vasoconstriction so that no oxytocin enters the mammary glands)

50
Q

Compare the content of IgG and IgM in colostrum.

A

(IgG is 90% of colostrum whereas IgM is 7%, there is also some IgA)

51
Q

What is the difference between the source of IgG and IgM versus IgA in colostrum.

A

(IgM and IgG are pulled from the blood 2 weeks prior to parturition whereas for IgA B cells migrate from the gut to the mammary glands and become plasmacytes which then secrete IgA into the milk)

52
Q

What does colostrum contain that prevents the digestion of the antibodies in the neonatal intestinal tract?

A

(Antitrypsin)

53
Q

(T/F) An increase in the frequency of milking results in more milk production and increased persistency in milk production (i.e. the cows will not decline in milk production as quickly if you milk them more frequently).

A

(T)

Next Gen Exam 3 (8 decks)

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