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PSY3301 > Motivation and Emotional Behaviour > Flashcards

Motivation and Emotional Behaviour Flashcards

1
Q

What are our interpretations of subjective feelings?

A

Emotions

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2
Q

What are behaviours that are purposeful and goal directed?

A

Motivation

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3
Q

What brain regions play in emotion and motivation?

A

Hypothalamus
Limbic system
Frontal lobes

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4
Q

What is free will?

A

We do what we want and have the choice to do so.

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5
Q

What is Sensory deprivation?

A

Experimental setup in which a participant is allowed no, or only a restricted, sensory input

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6
Q

What were the restults of Hebb (1957)’s study?

A

Humans crave stimulation. > 4-8 hours and then became increasingly distressed, not lasting more than 24h without any sensory stimuli

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7
Q

What is the role of chemosignals?

A

Motivating and emotional behaviour.

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8
Q

What is the evolutionary purpose of the olfactory system?

A

Designed to discriminate whether information is safe or familiar

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9
Q

Where is the olfactory epithelium found?

A

Inside the nasal cavity

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10
Q

How does smell convert into neural impulses?

A

Chemicals dissolve into the olfactory mucosa to interact with nasal cilia, which leads to action potentials.

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11
Q

True or false? Olfactory receptor neurons don’t respond to specific odors, rather to a range of odors.

A

True

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12
Q

How does our unique pattern of receptors allow us to distinguish smells?

A

Summed activities stimulate perception of ranges of odours.

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13
Q

What is the olfactory pathway?

A

Olfactory receptor cells –> olfactory bulb –> glomeruli –> mitral cell synapse –> broad range of areas with olfactory targets

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14
Q

What olfactory receptor system detects pheromones?

A

Vomeronasal organ

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15
Q

What brain regions are activated by body odours of common kin?

A

Regions of visual emotional processing

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16
Q

What brain regions are activated by body odours of strangers?

A

Amygdala and insular cortex

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17
Q

What are some differences in taste thresholds between ages?

A

Children have more taste receptors than adults

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18
Q

What is the gustatory pathway before the split in the brainstem?

A

Stimuli –> Receptor tips (taste pore) –> action potential –> contracting cranial nerves 7, 9, 10

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19
Q

What nerves form the solitary tract of gustation?

A

Cranial nerves 7, 9, 10

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20
Q

What is the first gustatory pathway (ventroposterior medial nucleus) post brainstem split?

A

Stimuli –> Receptor tips (taste pore) –> action potential –> contracting cranial nerves 7, 9, 10 –> ventroposterior medial nucleus –> S1 –> primary gustatory cortex of the insula

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21
Q

What is the role of S1?

A

Processing tactile information about food/texture
Insula: Dedicated to taste

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22
Q

What gives rise to the perception of flavour?

A

Mixture of olfactory and gustatory input

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23
Q

What is the second route of the gustatory pathway (lateral hypothalamus and amygdala) post brainstem split?

A

Stimuli –> Receptor tips (taste pore) –> action potential –> contracting cranial nerves 7, 9, 10 –> Lateral hypothalamus –> amygdala

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24
Q

What are three critical structures that control motivated behaviours?

A
  • Hypothalamus and associated pituitary glands
  • Limbic system
  • Frontal lobes
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25
Q

What are two types of motivated behaviours?

A

Regulatory behaviours
Nonregulatory behaviours

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26
Q

What are regulatory behaviours?

A

Behaviours that are intended to meet the animals survival needs –> controlled by homeostatic mechanisms (see hypothalamus)

27
Q

What are nonregulatory behaviours?

A

Behaviours that are not necessary to basic survival needs (eg. sex, singing, reading) – **NOT controlled by homeostatic mechanisms)

28
Q

What brain regions are responsible for nonregulatory behaviours?

A

Frontal lobes (systems) and external stimuli

29
Q

What are the three subregions of the hypothalamus?

A

Lateral region
Medial region
Periventricular region

30
Q

What is the principle tract connecting the lower brainstem to the forebrain?

A

The medial forebrain bundle (MFB)

31
Q

What controls reward and pleasure in the medial forebrain bundle?

A

Dopamine containing fibres.

32
Q

What are the two regions of the pituitary gland?

A

Posterior pituitary and anterior pituitary

33
Q

What is the posterior pituitary composed of?

A

Neural tissue (it is a continuation of the hypothalamus)

34
Q

What is the anterior pituitary composed of?

A

Glandular tissue (responsible for synthesizing various hormones)

35
Q

What is the role of the posterior pituitary?

A

Storage and release of hormones produced by the hypothalamus

36
Q

What is the role of the anterior pituitary?

A

Synthesis of hormones. Release is controlled by releasing hormones within the hypothalamus

37
Q

What two factors control the synthesis of hormones by the anterior pituitary?

A

Feedback loops and neural regulation

38
Q

What are feedback loops (in hypothalamic controls)?

A

Hormones influencing the hypothalamus to increase or decrease the secretion of releasing hormones.

39
Q

What is neural regulation (in hypothalamic controls)?

A

Hormonal activity regulated by the limbic system and frontal lobes

40
Q

Feeding behaviours are controlled by what two regions of the body?

A

The digestive system and the hypothalamus

41
Q

What are detector cells in the enteric nervous system?

A

Cells that keep track of the level of each nutrient in the bloodstream –> feedback mechanisms tell us when we are full

42
Q

How can damage to the hypothalamus impact our desire to eat?

A

Hypothalamus can’t properly release insulin and ghrelin –> causes aphagia and hyperphagia

43
Q

What is aphagia?

A

Failure to eat–> can be caused by unwillingness or lesions to the lateral hypothalamus

44
Q

What is hyperphagia?

A

Overeating –> usually caused by lesions to the ventromedial hypothalamus

45
Q

What are the two kinds of thirst?

A

Osmotic thirst and hypovolemic thirst

46
Q

What is osmostic thirst?

A

To drink water to restore solute concentrations.
- Results from an increased concentration of chemicals, known as solutes, in body fluids

47
Q

What is hypovolemic thirst?

A

Drink fluids other than water to restore nutrients
- Results from a loss of overall fluid volume from the body

48
Q

What are three characteristics of emotions?

A

Autonomic responses
Subjective feelings
Cognitions

49
Q

What controls autonomic responses of the emotional system?

A

Responses controlled by the hypothalamus and associated structures – also ENS

50
Q

What controls subjective feelings?

A

The amygdala and parts of the frontal lobes

51
Q

What controls cognitions?

A

The cerebral cortex

52
Q

What can cause one to experience LOSS of emotion?

A

Spinal cord injuries

53
Q

What is true about emotional intensity and lesions on the spine? (Eg. this region makes you more ____)

A

A greater loss of emotional intensity occurs when the lesion is high on the spine.
- Exception: sacral injury = more fear

54
Q

What is the limbic circuit?

A

A primitive region formed by the allocortex

55
Q

What are the three layers of the allocortex?

A
  1. Cingulate gyrus
    Hippocampal formation
  2. Hippocampus
  3. Parahippocampal cortex
56
Q

What is the role of the cingulate cortex?

A

Linking reward and punishment information

57
Q

What is the role of the hippocampus?

A

Important for species-specific behaviors, memory, and spatial navigation.

58
Q

What is the role of the parahippocampal cortex?

A

Some functions of memory

59
Q

What is the amygdala?

A

Almond-shaped collection of nuclei in the limbic system

60
Q

What is the role of the amygdala?

A

Production of emotional and motivated behaviours

61
Q

What is Kluver-Bucy syndrome?

A

Removal of amygdala (think also what are some symptoms of this)

62
Q

What is the role of the prefrontal cortex in emotional behaviour?

A

regulates our thoughts, actions and emotions through extensive connections with other brain regions

63
Q

What are some effects of damage to the prefrontal cortex in social and emotional behaviour?

A

PSY3301 (6 decks)

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