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Ecology > Exam Two: Learning Objectives > Flashcards

Exam Two: Learning Objectives Flashcards

1
Q

Water is a __ solvent

A

universal

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2
Q

Water content of organisms must stay between __ and __ of body mass

A

60, 90

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3
Q

What is the medium in which all biochemical reactions necessary for life occur?

A

water

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4
Q

Water moves __ concentration gradients from __ to __ water pressure

A

DOWN
higher; lower

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5
Q

Water moves down a concentration gradient between terrestrial organisms and air via __ __ __

A

vapor pressure deficit

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6
Q

Water moves down a concentration gradient between aquatic organisms and the water they are in via __ __ __

A

osmotic pressure gradients

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7
Q

Water moves down a concentration gradient along the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum via __ __

A

water potential

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8
Q

Water will flow from an __ to __ via evaporative water loss

A

organism; air

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9
Q

Define vapor pressure deficit?

A

difference in the amount of water vapor air could hold (given its temperature) and the amount it is actually holding

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10
Q

Evaporative water loss is determine in party by an organism’s __ __ adaptations

A

water-retaining

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11
Q

Air is always __ than the inside of an organism, and water always flows __ a concentration gradient, so water will flow from an __ to the __ via __ __ __

A

drier; down
organism; air
evaporative water loss

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12
Q

Describe the VPD in warm and cold air

A

warm air can potentially hold lots of water as vapor,
cold air cannot hold a lot of water

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13
Q

VPD will be high if the air is _ and __ but low if air is __ or humidity is __

A

warm; dyr
cool, high

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14
Q

Why is the VPD low if humidity is high?

A

humid air already has lots of moisture and cannot hold much more

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15
Q

Evaporative water loss is influenced by _ __ __

A

vapor pressure deficit

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16
Q

Discuss the consequences of vapor pressure deficit if VPD is high (warm, dry air)

A

water will evaporate from terrestrial organisms
water loss (bad)
evaporative cooling (good)

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17
Q

Discuss the consequences if VPD is low (cool, humid air)

A

less water will evaporate from terrestrial organisms
minimal water loss (good)
little possibility for evaporative cooling (bad)

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18
Q

Water moves between aquatic organisms and the water they are in via __ __ __

A

osmotic pressure gradients

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19
Q

Water and solutes move __ concentration gradients

A

down

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20
Q

How does water transport from the soil through the plant to the atmosphere takes place in?

A

the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum

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21
Q

Soil, plant, and atmosphere are interconnected by?

A

a continuous film of liquid water

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22
Q

Water flows to a more __ water potential

A

negative

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23
Q

Define water potential

A

the gradient from which water moves from the soil through the plant to the atmosphere

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24
Q

What factors determine water potential in a plant?

A

solutes, matric, and pressure

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25
Q

What factors determine water potential in a soil?

A

matric

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26
Q

A free standing body of pure water has a water potential of _, while in nature, water potentials have a __ (__) value

A

zero
lower; negative

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27
Q

What are three factors that reduce water potential in soil-plant systems (make water potential more negative)

A

solutes
matric forces
negative pressure

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28
Q

Discuss the water potential in solutes

A

water is drawn toward areas with a lot of solutes

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29
Q

Discuss the water potential in matric forces

A

thin films of water are attracted to (hard to pull off of) the surface of soil particles, cells, or walls of narrow vessels in plants

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30
Q

__ films are held more tightly, and __ soil particles provide more surfaces for water films to adhere to

A

thinner; finer

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31
Q

Discuss the water potential of negative pressure

A

water is drawn ttowards areas of low pressure (water evaportation into dry air imposes a ‘sucking’ action on wetter plant tissues)

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32
Q

How do plants get water through roots from soil?

A

water potential of roots is lower (more negative) than water potential of soil

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33
Q

Terrestrial animals gain water through __ and __

A

absorption; consumption(eating and drinking)

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34
Q

What are the two forms of food water?

A

moisture content of food and metabolic water

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35
Q

metabolic water generated during __ __ - water is produced by the __ as it breaks down __ __

A

cellular respiration
consumer
organic matter

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36
Q

Individuals who originated from the __ location showed the lowest evaporative water loss

A

dry

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37
Q

Discuss evaporative water loss and the trade off of skin adaptations

A

skin thickness and composition can be adaptations to regulate evaporative water loss and thus water balance
there’s a tradeoff with ability to evaporatively cool and exchange gases

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38
Q

How do desert scorpions manage heat and water budgets?

A

burrowing during the day reduces heat gain and reduces evaporative water loss
low metabolism and cuticle covering

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39
Q

How do desert cicadas regulate heat and water budgets?

A

dump lots of body heat through evaporation
adaptation for high water gain through drinking, pierce mesquite trees and drink plant fluids

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40
Q

What are two ways plants compensate for variation in water availability?

A

drop leaves and increase gain with deeper roots

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41
Q

Dropping leaves in response to water stress can be an __ way to lose water. Instead they shut off __

A

expensive; stomate

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42
Q

In response to soil drying, some plants send a hormonal __ to the guard cells that closes the __ to prevent __ loss

A

signal
stomata
water

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43
Q

Define stomata

A

gas-exchange pores on the underside of leaves

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44
Q

Adaptations revealed in __ __ responses to environmental change

A

short-term

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45
Q

The ability to acclimatize is an _

A

adaptation

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46
Q

In marine environments, water tends to diffuse __ of organisms, via __ and __

A

out
concentrated urine
drinking water

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47
Q

In freshwater environments, water tends to move __ to the organisms via methods of?

A

into
large volumes of dilute water

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48
Q

What are two adaptations to maintain osmotic balance in water that is saltier than inside the organism ?

A

drink water and dump solutes

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49
Q

Isosmotic organisms have internal __ and __ concentrations that match those of their environment, but must selectively control __ of specific solutes

A

water; salt
exchhange

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50
Q

Define trophic

A

feeding and nutrition

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51
Q

What is the purpose of feeding?

A

to grow, heal, move, reproduce, achieve homeostasis, and maintain cellular order

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52
Q

What are the three trophic categories

A

photosynthetic autotrophs
chemosynthetic autotrophs
hetertrophs

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53
Q

Discuss the carbon and energy source of photosynthetic autotrophs

A

CO2
sunlight

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54
Q

What organisms are photoautotrophs ?

A

organisms with light-harvesting pigments (usually chlorphyll)
vascular plants
microalgae
phytoplankton
bacteria
eukaryotic algae

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55
Q

Where does photosynthesis occur?

A

chloroplasts

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56
Q

Define chloroplasts

A

organelles in plant cells that have sunlight-capturing pigments (chlorophyll a)

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57
Q

Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic __, the cell is essentially a __

A

prokaryotes; chloroplast

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58
Q

What are the three components of photosynthesis?

A

light reactions, carbon fixation, and biosynthesis

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59
Q

Discuss the light reaction component of photosynthesis

A

absorb light; transfer energy to ATP and electrongs

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60
Q

Discuss the carbon fixation component of photosynthesis

A

C from CO2 is captured

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61
Q

Discuss the biosynthesis component of photosynthesis

A

organic biomolecules are synthesized

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62
Q

What is C3 photosynthesis?

A

found in most plants and algae

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63
Q

Discuss the synthesis of C3 photosynthesis

A

C from CO2 combines with a 5-carbon compound called ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP)
Rubisco catalyzes the combination of RuBP and C
creating two, three carbon molecules which are then used to make glucose

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64
Q

Water loss is a __ on C3 photosynthesis

A

limitation

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65
Q

Water loss = closing of __, plant can’t take in __, with stomata closed, __ combines with O2 in __ instead of with __. Reduces the __ capture and thus reduces the __ of organic C

A

stomata
CO2
RuBP
photorespiration
CO2
synthesis

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66
Q

What are the three photosynthetic pathways?

A

C3, C4, and CAM

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67
Q

What is the purpose of C4 and CAM pathways?

A

perform carbon fixation at a different time or location when and where light reactions and biosynthesis can occur

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68
Q

CAM and C4 are __ of C3

A

elaborations

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69
Q

CAM and C4 pathways initially fix C with __ instead of Rubisco, because it is better at catching __

A

PEP C
CO2

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70
Q

How do CAM and C4 pathways enable photosynthesis without light?

A

C fixation requires open stomata, but light reactions and biosynthesis do not

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71
Q

CAM: PEPC catches __ during the night, then delivers it to __ during the day, at which point the normal __ pathways occurs

A

CO2
Rubisco
C3

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72
Q

C4: PEPC catches __ in the __ cells, then delivers it to __ in the bundle sheath cells, which reside __ in the leaf tissue and then the normal __ pathway occurs

A

CO2
mesophyll
deeper
C3

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73
Q

What is the advantage of C4 and CAM pathways?

A

Plants can open stomata less and still get needed CO2, resulting in less photorespiration and less water loss

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74
Q

PEP C just __ the CO2-derived C __

A

holds; temporarily

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75
Q

CAM performs C fixation at a different __ and C4 performs C fixation at a different __

A

time
location

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76
Q

CAM; C fixation at night when __ can safely open with low __ loss

A

stomata
H2O

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77
Q

C4 plants perform better in high __ and __, and low __ availability

A

light; temperature
water

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78
Q

C4 plants includes half the __ and found prominently in __ and __ grasses, contributes to 20% of __ __ __ and includes many species of commercial importance (corn)

A

grasses
tropical; subtropical
terrestrial plant production

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79
Q

Temperature predicts balance of __ and __ plants

A

C4, C3

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80
Q

In locations that are warmer, a __ percentage of grass and shrub species are __

A

higher; C4

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81
Q

__ species dominate in grasslands and shrublands of __ regions

A

C3
cooler

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82
Q

CAM plants have the best __ __ _

A

water use efficency

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83
Q

CAM plants are found in __ and __-__ environments, including many families including __, __, __, and __

A

arid; semi-arid
succulents, cactuses, bromeliads, orchids

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84
Q

CAM plants have slower __ but great __-__ __

A

photosynthesis; water-use efficency

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85
Q

Describe water use efficency

A

use (and loss) very little water per gram of biomass added; even better than C4

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86
Q

What is the carbon and energy source of chemosynthetic autotrophs

A

CO2
reduced inorganic compounds

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87
Q

Chemosynthetic autotrophy: reduced __ provide _ for eTC, sets up __ __, which leads to __ and __ of organic carbon, needs a terminal electron __ (can be _)

A

molecules, e-
proton gradient
ATP synthesis, biosynthesis
acceptor, O2

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88
Q

Compare and contrast chemo and photo autotrophs?

A

both synthesize ATP and fix C, but get e from reduced inorganic molecule rather than sunlight splitting water

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89
Q

What are two examples of reduced molecules in chemosynthetic autotrophy?

A

H2S and NH4+

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90
Q

What is an important example of chemosynthetic autotrophy

A

nitrifying bacteria play a very important role in the nitrogen cycle

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91
Q

What is the carbon and energy source for heterotrophs?

A

organic C and organic C

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92
Q

What are the three major categories of heterotrophs?

A

herbivores, carnivores, and detritivores

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93
Q

What are three challenges of herbivores (heterotrophs)?

A

chemical defenses, stoichiometric constraints, and physical defenses

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94
Q

Define a nutrient

A

chemical element required for the development, maintenance, and reproduction of an organism

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95
Q

What is an example of a nutrient?

A

Nitrogen

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96
Q

What are the five primary nutrient requirements?

A

C, O, H, N, and P

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97
Q

Why are nutrients important?

A

to maintain chemical composition, i.e. obtain nutrients in the proper ratios

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98
Q

What is a stoichiometric constraint?

A

difficulty getting food with proper nutrient ratios

99
Q

What is a challenge detritivores face?

A

stoichiometric constraints

100
Q

What is the diet of detritivores?

A

dead organic material (detritus)

101
Q

Detritivores: __ and __ do most decomposition, also includes lots of __ __ and __ of many sizes, known as the __

A

fungi, bacteria
eukaryotic protozoans, animals
recycles

102
Q

Carnivores have a good __ match

A

stoichiometric

103
Q

high food __ is balanced by low __ availability

A

quality; prey

104
Q

Why is most prey unfavorable to consume?

A

hard to find, well defended

105
Q

Energy to catch prey might be _ than the energy value of the prey

A

greater

106
Q

There is energy __ up trophic levels

A

loss

107
Q

A carnivores potential diet items are __ similar, which permits diet __ and __

A

nutritionally
flexibility; variability

108
Q

What is the equation of profitability?

A

value of food item/ energy and time cost of finding, catching, subduing, eating, and digesting food item

109
Q

Optimal foraging: the most common food option is not always the most __ favorable

A

energetically

110
Q

Net energy gain by bluegill sunfish is maximized by?

A

selecting larger prey items, even though they are rare and require more energy to hunt

111
Q

Carnivores are often _–__ predators, hence __ animals feed on __ prey and smaller animals feed on __ prey

A

size-selective
larger; larger
smaller

112
Q

While animals may chose prey of a certain size, or with the greatest net energetic return, plants will invest in either __ or __ depending on which resource is most __

A

roots (below ground)
shoots (above ground)
limiting

113
Q

More investment of roots when below ground (soil) resources are __, i.e. __ root growth with __ supplies of soil nitrogen or soil water

A

limiting
more
lower

114
Q

The rate at which organism take in energy is limited either by _- or __

A

the environment, internal constraints

115
Q

Why does the environment limit energy?

A

environment does not provide sufficient energy

116
Q

How do internal constraints limit energy?

A

lots of energy is available, but organism is incapable of taking it all in

117
Q

When resources are __, the rate of resource use by organisms is limited by how __ they can eat or absorb the resource

A

abundant, quickly

118
Q

When resources are __, the rate of acquisition by organisms is limited by __ __

A

scarce
resource supply

119
Q

What are two examples of internal constraints ?

A

photosynthetic rate and photon flux density
feeding rate and food availability

120
Q

What do photosynthetic response curves show?

A

How the rate at which a plant takes in energy (photosynthetic rate) responds to an increase in the rate at which energy is supplied

121
Q

photon flux density is equal to?

A

rate at which light particles hit the plant

122
Q

Where are external constrains on energy intake shown?

A

over the rising part of the curve at low levels of light

123
Q

What does the curve on a photosynthetic rate show?

A

the rate at which a plant acquires energy (Y axis) is constrained by the rate at which the environment supplies energy to the organisms (x axis)
external constraints on energy intake

124
Q

Where are internal constraints represented on an energy intake curve?

A

over the flat part of the curve at high levels of light supply

125
Q

What does the internal constraints curve represent on energy intake?

A

the rate at which a plant acquires energy (y axis) via photosynthesis is constrained by its own availability to use the plentiful supply of light

126
Q

T/F: Plant species show different photosynthetic response curves

A

true

127
Q

What do the differences in photosynthetic response curves represent?

A

how adaptation to one set of conditions has costs in other conditions

128
Q

shade species that can photosynthesize well in __ light cannot respond to __ light

A

low; abundant

129
Q

Sun species that can take advantage of __ light levels, don’t do well in the __

A

high; shade

130
Q

Sun species that synthesize lots of __ to harvest abundant light, but protein synthesis requires a lot of __; costly if incoming light is __

A

protein
energy
insufficient

131
Q

Energy intake by animals also shows __ and __ constraints, via __ __ curves

A

external, internal
functional response

132
Q

Heterotrophs: different -vores use different, __ __, each with some __(stoichiometric mismatches, well-defended prey)

A

food types
constraint

133
Q

Sexual reproduction involves the ?

A

input of genetic material from two individuals

134
Q

Why are social relations important?

A

they directly influence an organisms reproductive success - its fitness, or contribution of genetic material to future generations

135
Q

Define sexual selection

A

selection for traits that improve mating success and thus reproduction rate

136
Q

Distinguish the difference between inter and intra selection

A

inter - competition among mates, through fighting
intra - selection by females, peacock feathers

137
Q

Why do antlers develop due to intersexual selection?

A

males have to fight to mate, bigger antlers equals more mating

138
Q

male guppy coloration shows an example of selection for a trait through __ __ (__) and against that same trait through predation

A

mate choice; interselection

139
Q

Where will you find mostly dull-colored guppies?

A

areas of high predation

140
Q

Discuss the counteracting forms of selection between male choice and predation in crickets

A

interselection
females of parasitoid fly find male crickets by listening for chirping, females select males by their chirps

141
Q

Mate choice by females may be based on male ability to provide __

A

resources

142
Q

Do large or small male scorpion flies have a higher mating success?

A

large

143
Q

Male scorpionflies provide a resource, and therefore have a high __ success, but this requires a lot of __

A

mating
energy

144
Q

Mating in plants is ?

A

nonrandom

145
Q

What evidence is there that plants mate non-randomly?

A

multiple pollen donors provides mating options for maternal plant

146
Q

Discuss the good genes hypothesis

A

ornamental traits may signal that a male is good at obtaining resources
ornamental traits may signify that a male has other more functionally ‘useful’ traits
mating with an ornamental male increases chances that sons and daughters will have those useful traits

147
Q

Discuss the sexy sons hypothesis

A

ornamental traits are nothing more than ornamental; they do not signal that a male has other useful traits
but females are attracted to these ornamental traits
mating with an ornamental male increases the chances that sons will be ornamented and thus attract mates of their own

148
Q

Define fitness

A

genetic contribution to future generations

149
Q

Kin selection will favor __, which can increase one’s __ __ (all offspring with whom one shares genes)

A

altruism, inclusive fitness

150
Q

Altruism is associated with __

A

sociality, aka group living

151
Q

Sociality is often characterized by individuals that don’t __

A

reproduce

152
Q

In some species, individuals live in __ groups, referred to as __

A

cooperative; sociality

153
Q

If an animal has __ alleles, its likely its nieces do to, helping raise its nieces advances its __ alleles on to __ generations (__)

A

helper; helper
future
altruism

154
Q

What are two benefits to helpers in cooperative breeding arrangements?

A

inclusive fitness
improve own chance of breeding (gain experience, delay reproduction)

155
Q

What is an example of social organisms?

A

Bees, woodhoopoes, and monkeys

156
Q

Define philopatric

A

stay near home

157
Q

How are woodhoopoes an example of sociality?

A

philopatric, helping behavior by siblings and half-siblings, inheritance of quality habitat, delayed reproduction (females), higher fitness

158
Q

__ quality territory: lots of sturdy __ __ in trees, favorable years = years when the dry season is actually __, __ of food

A

high; roosting cavities
dry; lots

159
Q

Eusociality is a highly __ form of sociality with __ living groups, __ care for young, and very high __ among individuals. There is a division of individuals in __

A

specialized
multigeneration
cooperative
relatedness
castes

160
Q

Discuss the castes in eusocialized groups

A

groups of physically distinctive individuals that performs specialized tasks, often related to body size
sterile, non-reproductive, and reproductive groups

161
Q

Adaptations that affect the fitness of individuals will influence __ and __

A

range, dynamics

162
Q

A species cannot survive in locations where the value of an __ variable falls outside its __ range of __

A

environmental, physiological, tolerance

163
Q

Define the principle of allocation

A

each individual organism has a finite (limited) quantity of resources that it can use for all necessary life processes,

164
Q

Individual organisms cannot __ and __ under environmental conditions where the cots of basic maintenance are too __ or conditions are __

A

grow; reproduce
high; lethal

165
Q

A populations geographical distribution (__) will be limited to areas where sufficient __ can be __ to __ and __

A

range
energy
allocated
growth; reproduction

166
Q

What are three examples of environment limiting range?

A

coastal ghost forests, american alligator, and eastern phoebe

167
Q

What is a fundamental niche?

A

acceptable suite of physical conditions, in the absence of interactions with other species

168
Q

What is a realized niche?

A

suite of environmental conditions, including physical conditions and biotic interactions, in which a species can survive, grow, and reproduce

169
Q

Chthamalus adults do not persist in mid-intertidal zones because?

A

they can’t compete with Balanus

170
Q

Biotic and abiotic factors combine to shape __ __ and fine-scale __

A

realized niche; distribution

171
Q

What impacted bettong range collapse?

A

biotic interactions - predation and competition for resources

172
Q

Hawaii akepa bird is limited to the tops of mountains by __, which is limited by __

A

malaria
temperature

173
Q

Discuss the impact of climate change on Hawaii akepa birds

A

With temperatures rising, birds may be confined to a higher elevation because malaria can now travel further up the mountain

174
Q

Most individuals in a population are found in just a __ spots, cluster in areas where environment meets __ __ which describes _- __

A

few
niche requirements
patchy distribution

175
Q

What are two examples of patchy distribution?

A

trees and red-eyed vireos

176
Q

Why might young plants have a clumped distribution?

A

there are a limited number of safe locations, seeds don’t disperse far, and asexual reproduction

177
Q

Regular distributions tend to result from __ and __, where organisms or colonies are…

A

aggression; competition
as far away from one another as possible

178
Q

The environment limits __

A

distribution

179
Q

Populations distribution is limited to __ __ where environment matches __

A

geographic locations
niche

180
Q

Population range and patchy distributions respond to __ and __

A

environment
patchy distribution

181
Q

Define dispersal

A

the movement of individuals and propagules

182
Q

Dispersal can __ the size of a populations range when individuals move into __ areas not currently occupied by the __

A

increase; new; occupied

183
Q

Dispersal can __ the size of a populations range when individuals move __ of a portion of the existing range

A

decrease; out

184
Q

Dispersal can shift the location of a range when

A

a population shifts its spatial distribution

185
Q

Discuss the dispersion of a collared dove

A

started in Turkey and spread to all of Europe in 90 years due to dispersal of young birds (adults are sedentary)

186
Q

Discuss the dispersal of maple trees

A

range expanded as climate changed and areas become more suitable to maple, climate changed to match the maple’s niche

187
Q

Describe the dispersal of the honeybee

A

range expansion occurred rapidly after a dispersal barrier (Atlantic ocean) was overcome, Americas’ environment was already suitable, matched the bee’s niche

188
Q

What is the primary difference in dispersal patterns between bees and maple trees and doves?

A

bees - dispersal barrier
doves and maple trees - environmental limitation

189
Q

Climate change is shifting ranges approx _ m __ a decade

A

6; upward

190
Q

Define numerical response

A

change in consumer density in response to change in resource supply

191
Q

What are the two mechanisms of numerical responses?

A

1 consumers are attracted to food, e.g. predators disperse to areas of abundant prey (instantaneous)
2 consumers produce more offspring. More food = more reproduction and offspring survival (lagged response, e.g. more food this year = more babies next year)

192
Q

Density of predatory birds rise and falls in nearly perfect with with abundance of __ (-), suggesting more voles = more __, representing a mechanism of __ __, voles follow __, () and birds produce more __(_)

A

prey; voles
reproduction
numerical response
food (#1)
offspring (#2)

193
Q

At a given location, bear and seagull densities __ as these predators come and go

A

fluctuate

194
Q

Gulls and bears disperse from stream to stream, showing up at each stream when __ arrives and leaving when __ are depleted

A

food (salmon)
salmon

195
Q

The movement of __ is perhaps the most distinctive feature of streams

A

distinctive

196
Q

Downstream flow has a strong __ on dispersal of stream __

A

influence; organisms

197
Q

Define drift

A

downstream dispersal which can be active or passive

198
Q

Define colonization cycle

A

upstream dispersal that balances drift

199
Q

Discuss the lifecycle of mayflies

A

live in water for up to a year as juveniles, emerge as an adult (aerial) fly upstream, disperse through flight to reproduce and lay eggs in water

200
Q

Population distributions are _- or __ and __ is important for population dynamics

A

patchy, discontinuous
dispersal

201
Q

Define a metapopulation

A

network of semi-isolated local populations that are linked by periodic exchange of individuals

202
Q

Butterflies were likely to leave small local populations (__ __) for large ones (__ __)

A

source populations
sink populations

203
Q

Background matrix of metapopulations affects __ of dispersal routes between patches

A

viability

204
Q

Define population dynamics

A

refers to changes in the distribution and density of a population

205
Q

What happens if metapopulation connections are severed?

A

loss of source-sink dynamics, depleted patches cannot get replacement individuals

206
Q

Smaller populations have __ genetic diversity

A

less

207
Q

Which two aspects of population density add individuals?

A

birth and immigration

208
Q

Which two aspects of population density remove individuals?

A

death and emigration

209
Q

What does a survivorship curve represent?

A

a schedule of mortality and survivorship, i.e. when, or at what ages, organisms die

210
Q

In a population age distribution graph __ is on the y axis and __ is on the x axis

A

number of survivors, age

211
Q

A life table is a tabular version of a __ __

A

survivorship curve

212
Q

What’s the difference between a static and cohort life table?

A

static - age dist. at a point in time
cohort - tracks a single cohort as it ages

213
Q

What do age distributions show?

A

abundance of each age class in a population

214
Q

Define recruitment

A

adding new members to the population through birth and survival of young

215
Q

How can recruitment be shown on age distributions?

A

shown one year AFTER event

216
Q

What is a type one survivorship curve?

A

low infant and juvenile mortality rate, most die elderly (humans and dall sheep)
graph is upside down exponential

217
Q

What is a type II suviorship curve?

A

graph is linear
all ages have same mortality rates (birds and mud turtle)

218
Q

What is a type III survivorship curve?

A

juvenile mortality rate is the highest, and lowest is adult (plants)
curve is exponential

219
Q

What does Ro stand for?

A

net reproductive rate
average number of lifetime offspring per individual

220
Q

What does T stand for?

A

generation time,
average age of reproduction

221
Q

What does r stand for?

A

per capita rate of increase
interpreted as birthrate minus death rate

222
Q

What does a positive r value mean? negative?

A

positive means population is growing
negative means population is declining

223
Q

What does rmax represent?

A

intrinsic rate of increase
r when conditions are ideal

224
Q

Populations are limited by __ __ and __ __

A

physical environment
biotic interactions

225
Q

Population densities change via __, __, __

A

dispersal, birth and death

226
Q

What are the five limited conditions populations can grow exponentially for a limited time under certain conditions?

A

favorable environments, low population densities, abudnant resources, and few natural enemies
conditions are most likely with invading and recovering populations

227
Q

What are two examples of exponential growth?

A

scots pine after post-glacial colonization
whooping crane after protection

228
Q

Populations cannot continue to grow exponentially because?

A

eventually some factor limits growth,
the environment (biotic and abiotic) limits population growth by changing birth and death rates

229
Q

What are the general shape of population growth curves?

A

geometric, exponential
s-shaped, logistic

230
Q

What is the relation of N, t, and r in an exponentially growing population?

A

dN/dt = rN
dN/dt = change in population density over time
r = per capita rate of increase
N = population density

231
Q

What are three examples of logistic growth?

A

food becomes limited and environment grows toxic,
breeding space becomes limited
attachment space becomes limited

232
Q

Define carrying capacity

A

the population density at which births = deaths, and there is no net growth

233
Q

Discuss a logistic population growth (graph)

A

early exponential growth when small population hasn’t depleted resources
population gets large enough that some factor beings to limit it; growth curve starts to bend back down
population density is so high that resources are only sufficent to support enough births to replace deaths (no net population growth)

234
Q

In a logistic curve, __ goes to zero as population density approaches __ __

A

dN/dt
carrying capacity (k)

235
Q

What is the equation for logistic population growth?

A

dN/dt = rmax N (1-N/K)

236
Q

Equation for logistic growth reveals __ in growth rate at __ population densities

A

slowdown
high

237
Q

Recognize that the __ and __ environmental factors that influence population density are, themselves, also __ over time.

A

physical, biotic
changing

238
Q

What does r max look like for exponential and logistic graphs?

A

expo - constant, straight line
linear decrease to 0 which is k

239
Q

For a cactus finch, more __ means more __ and therefore more __

A

rainfall, food, offspring

240
Q

Discuss the population dynamics of an excess rainfall population of prickly pears

A

massive cactus mortality from intense rainfall
exploitation of cactus by finch kept population low during drought years

241
Q

The effect of density dependent factors on a population depend on the impacted __ __

A

population’s density

242
Q

If a population of plants is more sensitive to a disease when the population is large (high N) than when the population is small (low N), the disease has a __ __ influence on the population of plants

A

density dependent

243
Q

If 50% of the plants in a plant population die when there is a frost, regardless of the plant population density, then frost has a __ __ influence on plant production

A

density independent

244
Q

Influence of density independent factors ___ depend on the density of the population being affected

A

does not

Ecology (5 decks)

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