Ch 35 Immunity and allergy

Question 1

What is an epitope?

Answer 1

regularly occurring molecular groups on the surface of large molecules

Question 2

from which cell line and progenitor cells do lymphocytes originate?

Answer 2

Pluripotent hematopoitic stem cells that form common lymphoid progenitor cells

Question 3

Where are B lymphocytes pre-processed ?

Answer 3

In mid fetal life, the liver. The bone marrow thereafter

Question 4

What is the purpose of Interleukin-1, and where does it come from?

Answer 4

Produced by macrophages. It promotes further growth and reproduction of specific lymphocytes

Question 5

What is the function of the constant portion of the antibody?

Answer 5

diffusivity in tissues, adherence of the a/b to tissue structures, complement complex attachment, ease of passing through membranes

Question 6

what four types of bonding hold antibody and antigen together?

Answer 6

1. hydrophobic bonding
2. Hydrogen bonding
3. Ionic attractions
4. van der Waals forces

Question 7

What is the main difference between IgM and IgG antibodies?

Answer 7

IgM is produced in the primary response, and has many binding sites despite lower numbers of antibody. IgG is bivalent and makes up 75% of the antibody population, made after the secondary response

Question 8

What are the four ways that antibodies can inactivate invading agents?

Answer 8

1. Agglutination
2. Precipitation
3. Neutralization
4. Lysis

Question 9

In which type of antibody inactivation are antigenic toxic sites covered?

Answer 9

Neutralization

Question 10

What are the 7 effects of the complement cascade?

Answer 10

1. opsonization and phagocytosis
2. Lysis
3. Agglutination
4. Neutralization of viruses
5. Chemotaxis
6. Mast cell and basophil activation
7. Inflammatory effects

Question 11

Which product of the complement cascade is involved in opsonization and phagocytosis?

Answer 11

C3b

Question 12

Which product of the complement cascade is involved in both chemotaxis and mast cell and basophil activation?

Answer 12

C5a

Question 13

Which complement cascade products activate mast cells and basophils?

Answer 13

fragments of C5a, C3a, and C4a

Question 14

What are the 3 major types of antigen presenting cells?

Answer 14

Macrophages, b lymphocytes, and dendritic cells

Question 15

Which type of MCH protein presents antigens to cytotoxic T cells, vs T helper cells?

Answer 15

MHC 1: cytotoxic t cells
MHC II: present to t helper cells

Question 16

Which type of T cell forms interleukins and interferon gamma?

Answer 16

Helper t cells

Question 17

What are the specific regulatory functions of lymphokines?

Answer 17

1. stimulate growth and prolferation of cytotoxic t cells and suppressor T cells
2. Stimulate B cell growth and differentiation to form plasma cells and antibodies
3. Activation of macrophage system
4. feedback stimulatory effects to amplify the helper cell response

Question 18

Which interleukins have specific B cell stimulating function?

Answer 18

IL 4, 5, and 6

Question 19

how do cytotoxic T cells protect the body?

Answer 19

By binding to target cells with appropriate receptors, then secreting perforins to punch holes in target cells, then they move away to do the same for months

Question 20

Which T cell regulates the activity of cytotoxic cells?

Answer 20

Suppressor T cells

Question 21

Which cells are targeted by the immune system in myasthenia gravis?

Answer 21

acetylcholine receptor proteins of the neuromuscular junction

Question 22

Which T cells or antibodies are involved in delayed reaction allergy?

Answer 22

activated T cells

Question 23

What, briefly, are the lethal results of anaphylaxis?

Answer 23

body-wide vasodilation from histamine release and increased capillary permeability. Smooth muscle spasm of bronchioles via slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis

Question 24

In which type of allergic reaction is antihistamines least useful?

Answer 24

Asthma