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Geography > Changing economic world > Flashcards

Changing economic world Flashcards

1
Q

TNC winners

A
  • TNCs make the most profit e.g. lineint policies from LICs / NEEs since government pay low wages
  • national governmnet incvestment from TNCs so more money for investments or corruption
  • creates jobs
  • wealth for host country
  • extreme poverty has fallen from 23% in 1993 to 8.3% in 2009
  • bancosantander employs 50,000
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2
Q

TNCs losers

A
  • employees exploited aince tehy are cheap labour and have lack of rights
  • however better wages than farming e.g. 4% higher wages in bank santender
  • inequality - men earn 50% more than women in jobs at TNCs
    -statistiaclly men spend more on things liek cigarettes and alhahold which isnt benifitial to the household
    -gaps between rich and poor
    -rapid urbalisation as attraction to jobs
    -destruction on rainforest
  • ## goverment invests money on subsidies instead on heathcare
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3
Q

pre 2000

A

Brazil’s trading with the US for nearly 80 years

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4
Q

after 2001

A

Welber Barral said total trade between brazil and china was amounted to £2.14 billion in april

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5
Q

devolution of power

A

gives additional power to councils in the north e.g. mayor for greater manchester was given £1 billion
fewer decisions about the city are made in London
however, despite the extra power 200,000 more northern children are living in poor households, number of jobs paying less than the living wage rose by 150,000
even though there was funding of power, quality of life didn’t increase

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6
Q

increased investment

A

improving connections between cities by improving transport links between northern and southern cities allowing easy commuting
allows cities to compete together instead of against each other
successful as figures have shown that transport spending has risen by more than twice as much per person

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7
Q

what is the northern powerhouse

A

The Northern Powerhouse is the government’s vision for a super-connected, globally-competitive northern economy with a flourishing private sector, a highly-skilled population, and world-renowned civic and business leadership.

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8
Q

north-south divide issues

A

shoert lives
health divide
inequality
1.2 M more deaths in the north than the south
particularly young men
high drug related death
prescribing drugs rather than services and counciling

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9
Q

north south divide causes

A

difficulty to admit problem
worse funsing in GPEs in north
job opportunities
lack of government funding
deindustrialization

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10
Q

trade

A

now that brexit has happened the UK is trying to establish a trade relationship with the EU

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11
Q

culture

A

over 300 languages spoken in london schools alone
Turkish culture
immigration has lead to the UK being a multi-cultural country e.g. different restaurants, religions

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12
Q

UK’s economic and political links with the common wealth

A

UK maintians links through trade, culture and migration
many people of British descendant now live in the commonwealth countries like new zeland, austalia, canada

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13
Q

UK’s economic and political links with the EU

A

in 1973 the UK joined the EU allowing the free movement of people goods and services between members of the country

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14
Q

growing rural population

A

south cambrisgeshire

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15
Q

growing rural population south Cambridgeshire social chnages

A
  • huge growth over last two decades since its a very desirable place to live for people who work in Cambridge
  • population of 150,999 increasing due to counter urbilisation (retirement people above 65 29% by 2031
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16
Q

growing rural population south Cambridgeshire economic changes

A
  • high level of employmen (21% in tech industries) as its a desirable place to work near
  • house prices increased out pricing young people who panned to live their their entire lives because of large demand
  • commuters use services where they work rather than live, damages local economy
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17
Q

declining rural populations

A

outer hebridies

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18
Q

declining rural populations outer Hebrides social chnages

A

-poplation declided by 50% since 1901, outward migration since there are limited opportunities for young people

  • number of schools fallen making it harder for families to stay
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19
Q

UKs place in the wider world

A
  • once was one of the most powerful political and trading nations
  • british empire oce covered 1/3 of earths surface with colonies over the world
  • these colonies gained independance around 20th century
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20
Q

commonwealth

A
  • one of the worlds oldest political associations of states
  • organisations help trade, womens leadership, building small buisness sectors
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21
Q

UK has influence through organisations such as

A
  • UN
  • NATO

highly regarded for its democratic valuses, legal system, rich cultural heratige, valuses and fairness

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22
Q

uk and wider world

trade

A

main partners are EU and USA and china
germany isleading pace of imports and USA is lwading place for exports
following brexit the UK is likely to form stronger trading links with china india and usa

intersnt is very importsant to UK buisnesses in the creative and financial sectors

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23
Q

uk and wider world

culture

A

tv is one of the leading creative industries with 1.25 billion annuallye.g. doctor who
fasion music and film
festivals and cultural food

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24
Q

uk and wider world

transport

A

teh uks strong trading history lef to development of ports and airports around teh worlds
linked to european mainland through the channel tunnel
feires e.g. dover

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25
Q

electronic communications

A

increases exposure of different cultures
world wide web british inventor tim berners-lee has transformed a global communicationd and trade

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26
Q

the uk’s politiacl and economic links with EU

A

membership:
- free flwo of goods, sevices between 28 members
- access to european development funds
- access to migrant labour force
- laws and regulations
- money

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27
Q

how has manufacturing encouranged economic development

A
  1. companies set up factories in brazil attracted by cheap labour and natural recouurses and ports that allow trade to other parts of the world, employ local resisents
  2. workers spend this money on goods and servies in the lcal ecnomy, they get 4% high wages than in agriculture in banko santander, chang of spending money on nessesities like food and shelyet to luxuries liek cinema improves quality of life
  3. due to this increase in avarage income, services eran more money from brazils growing population of 30 million
  4. governemnt recived more money in taxes from factories and service sectors so can spend more
  5. govermnet invests money to improve roads, infrastructure e.g. in 2019 bralil craeted 59 projects to help with transport links, more attractive for new firms to invest
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28
Q

role of a TNC

A

company that has factories in other countries

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29
Q

subsidies

A

govermnet funding so a company sells for cheaper
e.g. aplle farmer paid to sell cheaper apples

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30
Q

mercosur

A

trade block in south america

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31
Q

TNCs low wages

A

$6 per hour where fiat is based
make more profit as pay low salaires

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32
Q

TNCs raw materials

A

steel, rubber
dot pay to transport these materials so more profit

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33
Q

TNCs government policy

A

workers n low harsh consitions
linient policies suppourted by local government

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34
Q

TNCs brazils growing wealth

A

increased middle classes
more spending

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35
Q

only advantages to the host cpuntry

A

+ cheap labour and linient policies so goverment can pay less
+ trade links
- multiplier effect of economic growth
-

36
Q

timeline of relationship with brazil and rest of teh world

A

pre 2000 - brazil and US had been trading partners for alsmot 80 yeras, but china has a demand for brazilian iron sore immarginalising US
2001 - esitimated that 2.4 bn had been traded with brazil and china in april
the us is trying to make trad deals with EU and mescosur, due to amazon fores relayionship has gone down espeially with frac
2006 - first meeting of teh BRICs
2016- bolsanaro elected, refused help for amazon fires, insulted president macrons wife, distanced from international agreemenets
2019- macron called a meeting twith 7Gs

37
Q

chnaging of sectors

A

1800 - most was primary, least tertiary
1900 - most secondary, least tertiary
2006 - most tertieary, quaterneary introduced

38
Q

primary

A

agrictulture

39
Q

secondary

A

manufacture

40
Q

tertieary

A

selling tgibgs, resuturnts
healthcare

41
Q

quaterneary

A

reaserch/ tech

42
Q

why has economy chnaged?

A
  • deindustrilisation as machines replaced human jobs e.g. car production
  • traditional industried liek coal minig have declied and reaserch, medi and craetie industries taken over
  • technology
43
Q

globalisation

A
  • gwoth of ideas aroud te world easy to acess through interenst
  • more development due to transport and interent
  • boosted world trade
44
Q

how hae the government policiles changed?

1945-1979

A
  • state run induustries e.g. british rail
  • government money used on proping up declining UK industries
  • strikes, factory closures power cuts
45
Q

how hae the government policiles changed?

1979 - 2010

A
46
Q

development of tech

A
  • cmputers allow large ampunts of data to be stored and acessed
  • communication instantly
  • still developing
  • allows work from home
  • new buisnesses involving IT
  • more thn 1.3 milllion in IT
  • attracts buinsseses from abroad
47
Q

reasearch

A
  • employs over 60,000 highly qualified people
  • contributes 3billion
  • e.g. NHS, BBC
48
Q

HOW CAn an industry become more sustainiable?

technology can reduce emmisions

A
  • contolled cliate, less cliamet change
  • reus need to adaprt and mitigate
49
Q

HOW CAn an industry become more sustainiable?

fines on pollution accidents

A

peopel will be more careful

50
Q

HOW CAn an industry become more sustainiable?

desulphurisation removes harmful gases from powerstation chimneys

A

greenhose effect
prevent forest fires and ice glasiers
if one species suffer, teh rset will to

51
Q

HOW CAn an industry become more sustainiable?

stricter envirmental targets

A

minimise danger

52
Q

what is london sustainable industries park

A

an ecoindustrial park

53
Q

london sustainable industries park

location

A

danghem dock, UK

54
Q

why london SIP is more enviromentally sustainaible

A
  • closed loop recycling
  • expert advice e.g. thames gateway institute for sustainibility
  • lots of sustainiable industries next to each other
  • new tech
54
Q

why london SIP is more enviromentally sustainaible

A
  • closed loop recycling
  • expert advice e.g. thames gateway institute for sustainibility
  • lots of sustainiable industries next to each other
  • new tech
55
Q

example of a company based in london sip

A

dangenham
- maximises efficiencey of resources
- minimise waste

56
Q

rural area

A

less than 10,000 ppl
sparsely populated

57
Q

house price rising

A
  • higher demand
  • reliance on council homes
  • covercrowding
  • rentig rather than owning
  • move to a new area
58
Q

rural flight

A

young poepel leave an area

59
Q

outward migration

A

moving away from an area

60
Q

cucle of rural decline

A
  • empolyers find it difficut to recruit labour
  • less investment in area and buisnesses shut
  • kess money less employment and pepe leas to shops closig
  • poepel notice lower quality of life
  • younger live to urabn areas
61
Q

transport reducing rural declien

A

elizabeth line
- 1.5 M extra popel can access london
- reduces crowding on existing transport
- people can live in rural and work in urban
- this may lead to leaving rural homes and its too expensive due to incraesed demand
- 300K more jobs
- however creates air polltion as encourages travel

62
Q

examples of UK transport links improving

A
  • heathrow built a new runway
  • elizabeth ine connecting reading to lodnon
  • £15 bn to improve roads
  • loondon gateway on the thames
63
Q

stage 1

A

high birth rate:
- no contraceptions
- large famalies needed to help farms
- aware of low chances their child will survive
- increased chances your child woudl look afetr you whenyou die
- diseases e.g. cholera, plague
- famine, lack of food

64
Q

stage 2

A
  • better healthcare
  • improved saniation
  • hostitals built
  • better transport lins so food cn me imporetd form oteh rountire
65
Q

stage 3

A
  • goverment fund planning and contraception
  • women have better rights so my not feel incled to give birth and perue a career instaed
  • urbanisation
  • more expensive to raise many children there
  • religion became less importat
  • live long so dont need many for higher chances of survival
66
Q

stage 4

A
  • women hve better chsnces of careared rser thsn hsving children
67
Q

stage 5

A
  • birthrate below death rate
  • ## 2 per couple
68
Q

colony

A

place that has been taken over

69
Q

historical causes of colonialism

A
  • politic instabllity holds back development e.g. money smept om weopns
  • almsot all wealth procudes from 1650 to 1900 was given to europenn counties
70
Q

physical causes of colonialsim

A
  • landlocksed countires have no cess to trade by boat which is important for economic growth
  • extreme weather such as droughts and floods often hit tropical regions slwoing down development as they have to repair damaged infrastructure
  • cliamte related diseases e.g. africa/ asia malaria affects health and ability to work
71
Q

physical causes of colonialsim

A
  • landlocksed countires have no cess to trade by boat which is important for economic growth
  • extreme weather such as droughts and floods often hit tropical regions slwoing down development as they have to repair damaged infrastructure
  • cliamte related diseases e.g. africa/ asia malaria affects health and ability to work
72
Q

economic causes of colonialsim

A
  • richer contries trade
    • may buy raw materials from LICs as its cheaper
  • poverty causes poverty
  • low life expectancy
  • lack of nutrition
73
Q

gini coefficent

A

0 = equal
100 = uneven

74
Q

nigeria

A

recently has went from LIC to NEE
- has very uneven ndistuributio o waeth
- 48.8 comared to finlands 21.5

75
Q

consequences of uneven development

A

lics rely on hic and nees and so are heavily in debt
unfunded health sevices dot meet needs of people

76
Q

how does uneven development lead to migration

A

volantary migration - when peole leave in hopes of a better life
refuges- forced to leave bc of war

international migration wa smost popular in 2015 when ppl began to understand teh difference between hic and lics and were attracted to their oppurtunities
uses of phones allows ppl to be aware of things liek global warming

brain drain caused as people may be educated leaving teh country they were educated in, but they can send the money they earn there back home

77
Q

disparity

A

big difference

78
Q

tourism in kenya

positives

A

+ tradiations mostly preserved
+ goof paid jobs
+ amazing tourist facilities
+ work is better than agriculture
+ wildlife can only be protected with mony from tourism
+ good weather
+ locals have jobs

79
Q

tourism in kenya

negatives

A
  • only 15% of money goes to locals
  • wear innaporopriate amounts of clothing
  • poeple dont have enough money to particapate in facilities
  • safari verclies rip up the ground
  • anchord rip off coaral
  • animals have shwn unexpected chnages liek hunting in new areas
  • overcrowding leads to peole changing thier holiday destination
  • food prices incraese as people incraese
80
Q

brazil

global importance

A
  • ## amazon rainforest has recived significant of attention
81
Q

brazil

cultural context

A

65% are catholic
nit diverse religions, uninclusive

82
Q

brazil

enviromental

A
  • rainforest takes up alot of area that can potentially be land for hoses/ schools/ hostitals
  • abundant biodiversity
  • exellent agriclture due to high temp and rainfall
83
Q

brazil

social

A
  • 26% living in poverty
  • gap between rich and poor
  • free education but young ones may hae to work to boost income insated of attending school
84
Q

brazil

political

A

bolsanaro shows unwillingness to recive help from countries
has been democratic country for ovr 30 years it has had issues with curruption in the past

85
Q

what is brazils current sector

A

service sector

86
Q

what was the initial sector in brazil

A

primary sector

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