Chapter 6 medical terms

Question 1

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

Answer 1

AKA AIDs, is the most advanced and fatal stage of HIV infection

Question 2

Allergen

Answer 2

is a substance that produces an allergic reaction in an individual

Question 3

Anaphylaxis

Answer 3

(anaphylactic shock) is a severe response to an allergen

Question 4

Antibiotics

Answer 4

medications capable of inhibiting growth or killing pathogenic bacterial microorganisms

Question 5

Antibody

Answer 5

disease-fighting protein created by the immune system in response to the presence of a specific antigen

Question 6

Antifungal

Answer 6

An agent that destroys or inhibits the growth of fungi

Question 7

Antigen - antibody reaction

Answer 7

AKA immune reaction, involves binding antigens to antibodies. This labels a potentially dangerous antigen so it can be recognized and destroyed by other cells of the immune system

Question 8

Antigen

Answer 8

Any substance that the body regards as being foreign (viruses, bacteria, toxins transplanted tissues)

Question 9

Autoimmune disorder

Answer 9

AKA autoimmune disease, any of a large group of diseases characterized by a condition in which the immune system produces antibodies against its own tissues, mistaking healthy cells, tissues, or organs for antigens

Question 10

Bacilli

Answer 10

rod-shaped, spore-forming bacteria

Question 11

Bacteria

Answer 11

one-celled microscopic organisms. Most bacteria are not harmful to humans

Question 12

Benign

Answer 12

NOT life-threatening, although this type of tumor can cause damage as it grows and places pressure on adjacent structures

Question 13

Candidiasis

Answer 13

Yeast infection

Question 14

Carcinoma

Answer 14

Malignant tumor that occurs in the epithelial tissue

Question 15

Carcinoma in situ

Answer 15

Malignant tumor in its original position that has not yet disturbed or invaded the surrounding tissues

Question 16

Complement system

Answer 16

group of proteins that normally circulate in the blood in an inactive form. When needed, these cells complement the ability of antibodies to ward off pathogens by combining with them to dissolve and remove pathogenic bacteria and other foreign cells

Question 17

Covid-19

Answer 17

highly contagious viral infection caused by the SARS-Cov-2 virus. This coronavirus, discovered in 2019, became a global pandemic starting in 2020

Question 18

Cytokines

Answer 18

Are a group of proteins such as interferons and interleukins released primarily by the T cells. These cells act as intracellular signals to begin the immune response

Question 19

Cytomegalovirus

Answer 19

(CMV) is found in most body fluids. Most often present as a silent infection in which the individual has no signs or symptoms of the infection, although it can potentially cause a serious illness when the individual has a weakened immune system, or when it is transmitted from the mother to her unborn child

Question 20

Cytotoxic Drug

Answer 20

Medication that kills or damages cells

Question 21

Ductal Carinoma in situ

Answer 21

(DCIS) breast cancer at its earliest stage before the abnormal cells have broken through the milk ducts

Question 22

Hemolytic

Answer 22

function of destroying worn-out erythrocytes and releasing their hemoglobin for reuse

Question 23

Herpes zoster

Answer 23

(shingles) an acute viral infection characterized by painful skin eruptions that follow the underlying route of an inflamed nerve

Question 24

Hodgkin’s lymphoma

Answer 24

(HL) AKA Hodgkin’s disease, is a cancer of the immune system distinguished by the presence of large, cancerous lymphocytes known as Reed-Sternberg cells. The spread of these cells compromises the body’s ability to fight infection

Question 25

Human immunodeficiency virus

Answer 25

(HIV) blood-borne infection in which the virus damages or kills the T cells of the immune system, causing it to progressively fail, thus leaving the body at risk of developing many life-threatening opportunistic infections

Question 26

Immunoglobulins

Answer 26

bind with specific antigens in the antigen-antibody response

Question 27

Immunosuppressant

Answer 27

substance that prevents or reduces the body’s normal immune response. This medication is administered to prevent the rejection of donor tissue and to autoimmune disorders

Question 28

Immunotherapy

Answer 28

(Biological therapy) is a disease treatment that involves either stimulating or repressing the immune response

Question 29

Infiltrating ductal carcinoma

Answer 29

(IDC) starts in the milk duct and invades the fatty breast tissue outside the duct. Most common form of breast cancer

Question 30

Interferons

Answer 30

(INFs) are produced in response to the presence of antigens, particularly viruses or tumor cells

Question 31

Lymphadenopathy

Answer 31

is any disease process affecting a lymph node or nodes

Question 32

Lymphangioma

Answer 32

a benign tumor formed by an abnormal collection of lymphatic vessels due to a congenital malformation of the lymphatic system

Question 33

Lymphedema

Answer 33

(LE) swelling of the tissues due to an abnormal accumulation of lymph fluid within the tissues

Question 34

Lymphocytes

Answer 34

(lymphoid cells), are leukocytes that are formed in bone marrow as stem cells. They work together with the body’s organs to defend the body against antigens

Question 35

Lymphoma

Answer 35

general term applied to malignancies affecting lymphoid tissues

Question 36

Lymphoscintigraphy

Answer 36

diagnostic test that is performed to detect damage or malformations of the lymphatic vessels. A radioactive substance is injected into lymph ducts, and a scanner or probe is used to follow the movement of the substance on a computer screen

Question 37

Macrophage

Answer 37

a type of leukocyte that surrounds and kills invading cells. They also remove dead cells and stimulate the action of other immune cells

Question 38

Malaria

Answer 38

caused by a parasite that lives in certain mosquitoes and is transferred to humans by the bite of an infected mosquito

Question 39

Malignant

Answer 39

means becoming progressively worse and life-threatening

Question 40

Mammorgraphy

Answer 40

x-ray examination of the breasts to detect the presence of tumors or precancerous cells

Question 41

Metastasis

Answer 41

describes the process by which cancer is spread to a new site, and the term is also used to describe the tumor itself

Question 42

Metastasize

Answer 42

means to spread from one place to another. The most common sites of metastatic tumors are; bones, liver, lungs

Question 43

Myoma

Answer 43

an example of a benign tumor made up of muscle tissue

Question 44

Myosarcoma

Answer 44

is an example of a malignant tumor derived from muscle tissue

Question 45

Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma

Answer 45

(NHL) which is the more common type, refers to all lymphomas other than Hodgkin’s lymphoma

Question 46

Opportunistic infection

Answer 46

is caused by a pathogen that does not normally produce an illness in healthy humans. However, when host is debilitated, those pathogens are able to cause an infection

Question 47

Osteosarcoma

Answer 47

Hard-tissue sarcoma that usually involves the upper shaft of the long bones, pelvis, or knee

Question 48

Parasite

Answer 48

a plant or animal that lives on or within another living organism at the expense of that organism

Question 49

Rabies

Answer 49

An acute viral infection that is transmitted to humans through the bite or saliva of an infected animal. If suspected, necessary to undergo testing immediately so post-exposure treatment can be started as quickly as possible. Once symptoms have developed, rabies is almost fatal

Question 50

Rickettsia

Answer 50

small bacterium that lives in lice, fleas, ticks, and mites

Question 51

Rubella

Answer 51

(German measles) is a viral infection characterized by a low-grade fever, swollen glands, inflamed eyes and a fine, pink rash. More serious in pregnant women.

Question 52

Sarcoma

Answer 52

malignant tumor that arises from connective tissues, including hard and more commonly soft tissues