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Edexcel A Level Geography > Health, Human Rights and Intervention EQ1 - Human development > Flashcards

Health, Human Rights and Intervention EQ1 - Human development Flashcards

1
Q

What are the traditional measures of national development?

A

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
Gross National Income (GNI)
Traditional views of development incorporated only economic progress.

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2
Q

What is the HPI?

A

Happy Planet Index - claimed to be the leading global measure of sustainable wellbeing

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3
Q

How does the HPI measure development?

A

Takes into account experienced wellbeing, life expectancy and ecological footprint.
EW x LE/EF

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4
Q

What are the flaws of the HPI?

A

2 of 3 measures are based on highly aggregated data, which are heavily subjective and could be considered biased. Only life expectancy data considered fairly reliable

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5
Q

What is Sharia law?

A

The law of Islam - which covers a wide range of topics from public behaviour to private beliefs. Considered the most intrusive and strict of legal systems in the world - but used by a variety of rich and poor countries.

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6
Q

What should development today focus on?

A
  • health
  • life expectancy
  • human rights
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7
Q

What are the means of delivering goals for development?

A

The main way to achieve improvements in health, life expectancy and human rights is via economic growth (frequently via the exploitation of natural resources)

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8
Q

Who was Rosling, what goals did he see as being significant for development?

A

Swedish academic
Saw improvements in environmental quality, health, life expectancy and human rights as the most significant goals for development

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9
Q

Why is education considered by some as central to economic development?

A
  • a literate, numerate, enterprising and skilled workforce is precious human capital (vital to move along development pathway)
  • education promises a better job and higher wages, and from this flows material benefits that raise quality of life
  • better informed about hygiene, nutrition and health
  • improves understanding and assertion of human rights
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10
Q

Why do rates of education vary between countries and genders?

A
  • conflict/danger
  • lack of trained teachers
  • culture/religion
  • periods
  • child marriage
  • child labour
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11
Q

What obstacles impede access to education?

A
  • gender discrimination
  • social class
  • wealth
  • ethnicity
  • physical and mental disability
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12
Q

What is UNESCO and what has it achieved?

A

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation
‘Ensures that every child, boy or girl, has access to quality education as a fundamental human right and prerequisite for human development’.
Done much to raise levels of literacy around the world.

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13
Q

What is the HDI, what indicators does it use?

A

Human development index - widely used measure to show state of global development
Indicators: life expectancy, education, economic growth/income

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14
Q

Why is the HDI a good measure?

A
  • relies on statistical data collected frequently and widely at a national level
  • can be used to track development progress over a year or number of years
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15
Q

What is the gender difference in life expectancy and how does this vary across the world?

A

In nearly all populations, female life expectancy is greater. The difference is greater in more developed countries, but in the least developed countries, the age differential is less. This is due to high rates of maternal mortality and HIV/AIDs

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16
Q

What are the 3 key measures of health?

A
  • life expectancy
  • number of doctors per 100,000 people
  • % of population with regular access to essential drugs
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17
Q

What are the variations in life expectancy across the world?

A

Most of world = over 65 years, with only obvious exception being Africa.
Not always clear cut that low development = low life expectancy and vice versa. Relatively high values in Asia, Middle East and South America.

18
Q

What is the relationship between life expectancy and per capita income, and why?

A

Positive correlation.
As income diminishes, critical necessities of life (food, safe water, proper sanitation, healthcare) become less guaranteed - impacts on infant and maternal mortality

19
Q

What are the reasons for variations in health and life expectancy in the developing world?

A
  • differential access to basic needs such as food, water supply and sanitation
  • impacting on levels of infant and maternal mortality
20
Q

What are the reasons for variations in health and life expectancy in the developed world?

A
  • differences in lifestyles (smoking, obesity, alcoholism)
  • levels of deprivation
  • cost, availability and effectiveness of healthcare services
21
Q

What are the factors causing life expectancy variation in the UK?

A
  • gender: men have a lower life expectancy than women
  • job type: socioeconomic group is determined by job type – there is a 7 year difference between professional and unskilled life expectancy
  • counties: England is very inequal between its counties (for example a 15 year difference for men in Manchester and London). This is due to deprivation
22
Q

What are the 2 main types of healthcare services?

A
  • countries with national health services that are ‘free’, funded by some form of taxation (e.g. NHS in England)
  • countries where healthcare is largely in the private sector and paid for through insurance or an ‘as and when’ basis (USA)
23
Q

What factors cause life expectancy to vary within countries?

A
  • ethnicity
  • poverty and deprivation
  • lifestyle and socioeconomic group
  • healthcare
  • government
24
Q

Why are there variations in life expectancy within Australia?

A

Indigenous people/Aboriginal life expectancy is around 10 years lower than non-indigenous
Due to poor quality of life for Aboriginal people, as well as poor housing, low education level, inability of politicians to address Aboriginal problems, use of illicit substances. Living in remote areas and lacking transport to get to medical centres!

25
Q

How is economic development linked to human development?

A

Economic development provides the means (capital and human resources) to sustain human development. This link is in the hands of government.

26
Q

What are the two contrasting types of government and how they spend on social progress?

A

Welfare states (often democratic and capitalist) with high levels of social spending.
Totalitarian regimes (often socialist) run by elites with low levels of spending on health and education

27
Q

How many countries spend more than 5% of GDP on education?

A

5

28
Q

What is social progress?

A

The increasing capacity of a society to meet the basic human needs of its citizens. Normal part of socio-cultural evolution, but pace can be very slow.

29
Q

How can social progress be deliberately accelerated?

A
  • government intervention
  • social enterprise
  • social activism
30
Q

What is a totalitarian regime?

A

A system of government that is centralised and dictatorial - complete subservience to the state with control in the hands of elites.

31
Q

What are the 3 dominant IGOs, what are their goals and how have these shifted?

A

World Bank, WTO and IMF
Traditionally promoted neo liberal views on development based on adoption of free trade, privatisation and deregulation of financial markets.
NOW - recent programmes aimed at improving environmental quality, health, education and human rights

32
Q

What is the OECD?

A

The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
Promotes policies that will improve economic and social wellbeing of people around the world by providing a forum for governments to work together and seek solutions. It recommends policies designed to improve the quality of people’s lives.

33
Q

What is the IGO UNESCO’s main goal?

A

Peace and security by promoting international collaboration to further universal respect for justice, human rights, freedom of speech

34
Q

What is the development gap?

A

The widening income and prosperity gap between the developed and developing world.

35
Q

What are the UN’s MDGs?

A

MILLENIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS - A set of targets agreed in 2000 by world leaders with the aim of fighting poverty and combating a range of issues hampering human development

36
Q

What are the 8 MDGs?

A
  • eradicate extreme poverty
  • achieve universal primary education
  • promote gender equality
  • reduce child mortality
  • improve maternal health
  • combat HIV/AIDS and other diseases
  • ensure environmental sustainability
  • develop a global partnership for development
37
Q

What did the UN do surrounding the MDGs in 2015?

A

Set in motion a post-2015 development agenda to take over from MDGs which set 17 new sustainable development goals (SDGs) to be achieved by 2030

38
Q

What is the difference between the MDGs and SDGs?

A

SDGs go much further than MDGs by addressing the root causes of poverty, and the universal need for a style of development that works for all people (MDGs designed for poor countries only, SDGs for all countries to ensure every country could develop)
Shift in agenda from closing development gap to sustainability and environmental concern.

39
Q

How were the MDGs successful?

A
  • health target prevented 20 million deaths between 2000 and 2015
  • numbers living in extreme poverty fell by 54%
  • improved access to sanitation
  • more parliamentary representation for women
40
Q

What were the limitations of MDG success?

A
  • only 1 of 8 goals actually achieved (access to safe drinking water)
  • some countries (e.g. China) account for a large slice of success, which masks limited progress in parts of Africa/South Asia
  • poorest and disadvantaged groups have not benefitted
  • in 2015, 800 mil still lived in poverty
  • limited progress for gender inequality
41
Q

Why was there variable progress towards achieving the MDGs?

A

Africa/sub Saharan regions: persistent poverty due to limited economic development. Lack of trade/participation in globalisation
East Africa: good progress due to urbanisation and industrialisation creating growing wealth. More investment into healthcare
South Asia: war and conflict limits progress, aid and investment explain good educational progress though

42
Q

What is a neoliberalism?

A

A political and economic philosophy that emphasizes free trade, deregulation, globalization, and a reduction in government spending/intervention.

Edexcel A Level Geography (27 decks)

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