Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pharmacology And Toxicology > Pharmacology L3 > Flashcards

Pharmacology L3 Flashcards

1
Q

Barriers to drug delivery

A
  • molecular/ cellular permeation of external protective barriers of the body
  • potential difficulties with efficient drug transportation and molecular targeting
  • production of drug derivatives and/or swift elimination via biotransformation
  • potential problems due to immune response
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Molecular/ cellular permeation of external protective barriers of the body

A
  • anatomical barriers demarcate the interior system from its surrounding
  • blood-tissue barriers (eg blood brain barrier)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Potential difficulties with efficienct drug transportation and molecular targeting

A
  • delivery via GI-tract: extremely acidic environment in stomach
  • delivery via pharynx/ trachea/ bronchioli: mucociloary movement of trapped drug aerosols from pharynx to larynx
  • limitations of plasma proteins transportation
  • hydrophobic interactions (fatty tissue, membranes)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is biotransformation

A

Natural mechanisms that protects the body from ingested molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Production of drug derivatives and/or swift elimination via biotransformation

A
  • liver: major organ of drug biotransformation
  • kidney: excretory function of drug or metabolite elimination
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Potential problems due to immune response

A
  • natural protection against infectious agents; auto-immune complications
  • potential allergic reactions, hypersensitivity, anaphylactic shock
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Drug administration is carried out by?

A
  • enteral administration
  • parental administration
  • topical administration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Enteral administration involves

A
  • oral administration (swallowed or topically)
  • buccal administration (between gums and cheek)
  • sublingual administration (under the tongue)
  • rectal administration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How does oral administration occur

A

Via GI-tract to systemic circulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How does buccal administration occur

A

Through fast absorption via buccal mucosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How does sublingual administration occur

A

Fast absorption via sublingual mucosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How does rectal administration occur

A

Slow absorption through rectal mucosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Parenteral administration occurs through what?

A

Through injection or infusion (needle or catheter). Susceptible to high pH of stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Types of parenteral administration

A
  • intravenous
  • intra- arterial
  • intramuscular
  • subcutaneous
  • intra- articular
  • intrathecal
  • intradermal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Intravenous

A

Achieves high drug concentration in circulatory system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Intramuscular

A

Uniform drug absorption with rapid onset of drug action. If drug is to be given slowly at high conc eg opium overdose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Subcutaneous

A

Slow drug absorption under the skin with prolonged drug action

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Intra-articular

A

Direct drug administration into inflamed joined cavities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Intrathecal

A

Delivery into space between spinal cord and its protective sheath

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Intradermal

A

Drug administration within skin layers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Topical administration (skin)

A

Administration to surface mucous membrane

22
Q

Oral administration

A
  • tablets, capsules, solutions
  • coated or matrix tablets so drug can get to the right place
23
Q

Inhalational administration

A
  • aerosols, nebulizers
24
Q

Dermatological agents

A
  • powders, (greasy) ointments, cream
  • transdermal delivery systems
25
Q

Injection Or infusion

A
  • intravenous
  • intra-arterial (rare)
  • subcutaneous
  • intramuscular
  • sublingual
  • rectal
26
Q

Drug absorption following oral administration occurs through

A

The gastrointestinal mucosal lining

27
Q

Absorption occurs through mucosal lining of?

A

The intestine

28
Q

Why does absorption occur through the intestine mucosal lining?

A

Due to slow processes involved in the disintegration of tablets and the dissolution of most drugs

29
Q

Where do solutions/ mixtures get absorbed

A

In the stomach region

30
Q

Mechanism of drug liberation

A

Disintegration (solid dose)
Dissolution
Absorption (liquid dose)

31
Q

What does modification of drug liberation mechanism do?

A

Protects sensitive agents and to alter time-course and site- specific absorption

32
Q

What do time-course and site-specific absorption do

A

Leads to retardation of drug release

33
Q

Oral dosage delivery forms

A
  • drops
    -mixtures
  • effervescent solutions
  • matrix tablets
  • capsules
  • tablets
  • Coates tablets (with delayed release)
34
Q

What is the importance of different drug packages and methods of application

A

Difference drug packages deliver drugs to different targets
Method of application affects drug release and absorption

35
Q

What do coated tablets have?

A

A drug-containing core and a covering shell to:
- facilitate passing of drug on swallowing
- mask a disagreeable taste
- protect a perishable drug

36
Q

What do capsules have?

A

An oblong casing which contains drug in powder form

37
Q

What does a matrix tablet contain

A

The drug embedded in an inert meshwork which upon contact with water, is slowly released by diffusion

38
Q

What are inhalational drugs?

A

They involve drug delivery in the form of an aerosol by converting drug solution or micronized powder to gas form.

39
Q

How does drug delivery of inhalational drugs occur?

A

As a gas or mist by a nebulizer or spray dispenser. Delivery is mostly to bronchial mucosa

40
Q

Effectiveness of delivery process of inhalational drugs depends on

A
  • size of aerosol particles
  • position of inhaler device
  • coordination between spray release and inspiration
41
Q

Depth of drug penetration of particles >100micro(m)

A

Trapped in oropharyngeal cavity

42
Q

Depth of drug penetration of particles: 0-60micro(m)

A

Trachea (bronchi)

43
Q

Depth of drug penetration of particles <2micro(m)

A

Bronchioli(alveoli). Very little, mostly exhaled

44
Q

Rank the methods of drug application using injection/infusion from fastest to slowest

A
  1. Intravenous injection
  2. Intramuscular injection
  3. Subcutaneous injection
  4. Oral application: slowest, biggest chance of being derivatized
45
Q

Factors that play a role in the delay of pain killer action

A
  • large amounts of undigested food in GI-tract may slow down passage of some pharmacological agents
  • dissolved agents usually act faster than substances in stomach acid-resistant capsules
  • drug- drug interactions can have major effects on the pharmacological effects of pain killers
46
Q

What is bioavailability

A

Bioavailability refers to the extent and rate at which the drug enters systemic circulation, thereby accessing the site of action.

47
Q

Bioavailability of an active substance depends on?

A
  • patient specifics
  • drug preparation
48
Q

Bioavailability of Aspirin

A

Fast-acting, water-soluble, already absorption in the stomach, with lower levels of bioavailability

49
Q

Bioavailability of Paracetamol

A

Slower-acting, but higher levels of bioavailability after approximately an hour

50
Q

Bioavailability of Ibuprofen

A

Fast acting and high bioavailability, but may be negatively affected by large amounts of i digested food in GI-tract

Pharmacology And Toxicology (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions