Pathology: Upper GI Conditions

Question 1

achalasia

Answer 1

failure of the lower esophageal sphincter muscle to relax

results from loss of peristalsis

causes esophageal dilation above the LES

Question 2

esophageal cancer

Answer 2

malignant tumor of the esophagus

most common symptom is dysphagia

Question 3

Barrett esophagus

Answer 3

long-term irritation of the esophagus caused by gastric reflux

is a premalignant condition

Question 4

esophageal varices

Answer 4

swollen varicose veins at the lower end of the esophagus

caused by increased portal hypertension from liver disease

Question 5

gastric cancer

Answer 5

malignant tumor of the stomach

Question 6

gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

Answer 6

solids and fluids return to the mouth from the stomach; heartburn

can cause reflux esophagitis

Question 7

hernia

Answer 7

protrusion of an organ or part through the tissues and muscles normally containing it

hiatal hernia, inguinal hernia

Question 8

hiatal hernia

Answer 8

upper part of the stomach protrudes upward through the diaphragm

Question 9

inguinal hernia

Answer 9

small loop of bowel protrudes through weak abdominal wall tissue surrounding muscles

Question 10

peptic ulcer

Answer 10

open sore in the lining of the stomach or duodenum

sometimes caused by H. pylori