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anatomy > spinal cord (nervous system) > Flashcards

spinal cord (nervous system) Flashcards

1
Q

sensory vs motor path

A

sensory: towards
motor: away

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2
Q

integration

A

processing of info and a decision is made

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3
Q

CNS vs PNS

A

central nervous system: brain and spinal cord
peripheral nervous system: all neural tissue outside of CNS (nerves, ganglia, receptors)

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4
Q

white matter

A

myelinated and unmyelinated axons

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5
Q

grey matter

A

cells bodies of neurons, neuroglia cells and unmyelinated processes

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6
Q

what are the synonyms for white matter

A

nerve: bundle of axons that link NS to other systems (white matter)
tracts: bundle of axons with common origin/function/destination
columns: larger tracts

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7
Q

what are the synonyms for grey matter

A

nucleus/center: group of cell bodies with a common function in the CNS
cortex: outer layer of grey matter
ganglion: clusters of cell bodies outside the CNS and in the PNS

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8
Q

Longitudinal section of spinal cord –> regions

A

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral

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9
Q

what is a plexus

A

atoms that extend our from spinal cord and form networks on both sides

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10
Q

what are types of plexus

A

cervical, brachial, lumbar, sacral

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11
Q

conus medullaris and terminal filum

A

the tapering and end point of the spinal cord

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12
Q

cauda equina

A

group of nerves that travel down the spinal column until exiting

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13
Q

dermatomes

A

Area that is supplied by a single nerve

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14
Q

what are meninges

A

connective tissue coverings around spinal cord and brain

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15
Q

what are the 3 types of meninges and what is their function

A

dura mater:
arachnoid mater:
pia mater:

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16
Q

what are the spaces

A

subarachnoid: shock absorption and holds CSF
epidural space: holds fat, spinal cord only
subdural space: adheres dura to arachnoid

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17
Q

describe the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid

A

choroid plexus - ventricles (later, interventrical foramen, third and fourth ventricle) - central canal, medial and lateral apertures - cisternae
of subarachnoid space (SAS) - arachnoid villi - dural sinuses

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18
Q

arachnoid villi

A

one way valve that returns CSF to venous blood by dural sinuses from the SAS

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19
Q

how do choroid plexus form CSF

A

from blood

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20
Q

dorsal root ganglion

A

cell bodies of sensory neuron (unipolar)

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21
Q

dorsal root

A

axons of sensory neurons that bring info to spinal cord

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22
Q

ventral root

A

axons of motor neurons –> carry info away from spinal cord to muscles/glands

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23
Q

spinal nerve

A

fusion of dorsal and ventral roots containing a mix of sensory and motor

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24
Q

rami (ramus)

A

branches distal to spinal nerve

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25
Q

communicantes

A

branches of the ramus to the sympathetic ganglion

26
Q

horns

A

projections of grey matter of spinal cord

27
Q

commissure

A

connection between left and right sides of the grey matter of the spinal cord

28
Q

dorsal white columns

A

3 neuron path of sensory info of touch and pressure

29
Q

lateral/medial corticospinal

A

precise skeletal muscle movement of hands and body

30
Q

meningitis

A

inflammation of the membranes from bacterial or viral infections

31
Q

blood brain barrier

A

selective barrier created by layer of squamous epithelial cells of the capillary and a layer of astrocyte processes isolates blood from interstitial fluid of CNS

32
Q

dural venous sinuses

A

collect venous blood from the brain and direct it to the internal jugular veins

33
Q

ventricle

A

chamber

34
Q

sinuses

A

space referring to large venous vessels

35
Q

reflex

A

automatic response to a specific stimulus

36
Q

what are the characteristics of reflexes

A
  • rapid
  • involuntary
  • predictable response
  • innate or learned
37
Q

visceral or autonomic reflex

A

reflex of smooth muscle/cardiac muscle or gland

38
Q

somatic reflex

A

reflex of skeletal muscles

39
Q

reflex arc

A

path/flow of info

40
Q

contralateral

A

motor response occurs on opposite sides of the body to stimulus (crosses)

41
Q

reciprocal inhibition

A

in antagonistic muscles (muscles that oppose each other –> one is stimulator other is inhibited)

42
Q

2 types of reflexes

A
  1. stretch; regulates muscle length (stimulus - inc in muscle length, response, contraction) –> 2 neuron reflex arc
  2. withdrawal: withdrawal of limb from pain –> 3 neuron reflex arc
43
Q

what is sensation and perception

A

sensation: awareness of the sense
perception: involves interpretation of the sense

44
Q

what are the 11 types of receptors in the PNS

A
  1. simple receptor (dendrite ending)
  2. mechanoreceptor: responds to mechanical force
  3. baroreceptor: detect pressure changes
  4. thermoreceptor: responds to temperature
  5. photoreceptor: respond to light
  6. chemoreceptors: respond to chemicals
  7. nociceptors: respond to damaging signals resulting in pain
  8. exteroreceptors: receptors on body surface
  9. proprioreceptors: monitoring body position and movement
  10. visceral receptors: monitor internal system
  11. interoreceptors: respond to stimuli inside the body
45
Q

2 types of corpuscle

A

meissner: encapsulated dendrite ending that detects light touch
pacinian: encapsulated dendrite ending monitors deep pressure

46
Q

muscle spindle proprioceptor

A

dendrite ending that detects muscle stretch

47
Q

what do the distribution of plexus reach

A

cervical: supplies neck and thoracic cavity
brachial: upper limbs
lumbar: lower limbs
sacral: lower limbs

48
Q

what are the 2 sensory pathways

A

posterior column: touch and pressure
spinothalamic: pain

49
Q

what are the 2 motor pathways

A

pyramidal: voluntary skilled movement
extrapyramidal: involuntary muscle movement

50
Q

referred pain

A
51
Q

pyramidal pathway

A
52
Q

dorsal column pathway

A
53
Q

somatic

A

superficial part of the body

54
Q

autonomic

A

internal organs that self govern

55
Q

ganglion

A

a collection of neuronal bodies found in the voluntary and autonomic branches of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)

56
Q

preganglion + post ganglion

A

pre: before the ganglion
post: after the ganglion

57
Q

terminal + collateral ganglion

A

terminal: ganglion near/within effector organ
collateral: branch of sympathetic chain

58
Q

sympathetic chain

A

ganglion chain near the spinal cord

59
Q

dual innervation

A

organ is innervated by sympathetic and parasympathetic system

60
Q

antagonistic

A

opposing actions or effects

61
Q

adrenal medulla

A

misplaced ganglion of the sympathetic system that releases NT into blood

62
Q

sympathetic vs parasympathetic system

A

symp: emergency and excitement
para: rest and digest

anatomy (12 decks)

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