Regeneration Flashcards
what makes for a successful regeneration scheme?
- improvement of public spaces
- reducing negative dependencies
- maintaining social diversity
- designing for the long-term (economic shift)
- adding value
How can social progress be measured?
- by reductions in economic and social inequalities both between areas and within them
- improvements in life expectancy and reductions in health deprivation
- improvement in index of multiple deprivation
what is gentrification?
the change in the social structure of a place when affluent people move into a location. planners develop an area to attract people of a higher social status and income
what is studentification?
the changes to a place caused by a transient population of students. e.g. queens university where 50% of immediate housing around the campus is student occupied. the government wants to regenerate these areas by capping the number of houses in multiple occupation (i.e. students)
what role do physical factors have on the function of an area?
- proximity to large cities and core economic zones (physical)
- attractive environments (accessibility and connectedness)
- technology on the rise, vehicles facilitate urban sprawl and counter urbanisation
- the global shift
- locational needs or source availability change
how do employment trends help us measure function change?
- reduction in employment suggests a decrease in typical function
- a reduction in industry, possibly due to global shift and industrial relocation changing the function away from industry.
how do demographic changes help us measure function change?
- studentification of an area can cause demographic changes because the transient population change employment trends as students don’t work in that areas, usually due to the construction of a university, function shift to education
- gentrification also causes demographic change because of a changed in function of the area, e.g. an increase in quaternary employment attracting a more affluent population
- age and gender balances
- immigration increasing ethnicity, shown through ethnic composition
- ageing populations of rural areas
how do levels of deprivation help us measure changes in function?
- functional change can cause a change in the levels of deprivation because of industrial relocation
- the closure of industry changes the demographic as there is more unemployment causing affluent people to move out of an area reducing government spending in that area
- unemployment reduces the quality of services and education causing a further increase in the level of deprivation
what are formal perceptions?
how the place is represented according to the statistics and figures available.
this is usually through the economic success of the area and is mainly looked at by governments
what are informal perceptions?
how the place is viewed by the residents or the media. based on feelings and not hard evidence.
what is negative multiplier?
a downward spiral or cycle where economic conditions produce less spending and less incentive for businesses to invest, reducing opportunities
what is agglomeration?
where related industries set up near other industries
what is clustering?
it happens because it creates a hotspot of industry, you can collaborate together, you can steal stuff
why does agglomeration happen?
it happens because footloose industries (don’t rely on raw materials) can easily set up near similar businesses and collaborate.
what is regeneration?
it involves positively transforming the economy of a place that has displayed symptoms of decline, making it viable and sustainable. it frequently goes hand in glove with rebranding and reimaging
what is reimaging?
positively changing the standing and reputation of a place through specific improvements. it is focused more on making an area more widely attractive and appealing
what are the 6 ways of measuring changes within places?
- land-use changes
- employment trends
- demographic changes
- levels of deprivation (income deprivation, employment deprivation, health deprivation, crime, quality of the living environment, abandoned and derelict land)
- change in the population pyramid
- incidence of new buildings
population growth or decline is a key indicator of how economically successful places are
what is lived experience?
the accumulated experience of living in a particular area. this can have a profound impact on a person’s perceptions, vaults and identity, as well as on their general development and outlook on the world.
what are perceptions?
the ‘image’ of reality held by a person or group of people resulting from their assessment of received information. they can be either formal or informal perceptions. perception is influenced by demographic and social factors, such as age, gender, ethnicity, education and social class
how can perceptions of residents in such places differ?
- young people in high-earning jobs will enjoy the fast pace of life and opportunities
- unskilled people, lower earners and the long-term unemployed will have more negative views
- retirees Amy view them as too busy and look to other, perhaps less successful places offering a slower pace fo life with pleasant climate and good access to healthcare
what are some environmental reasons for the need of regeneration?
- derelict land
- close shops
- pollution
- lack of green space
how can government domestic policies help stimulate regeneration
- relaxing planning laws on, say, developing Greenfield sites
- providing incentives to encourage the building of affordable housing
- allowing fracking in the hope that it might play a part in the regeneration of some rural areas
how can the government pursue policies at an International scale to encourage regeneration?
- deregulating capital markets to encourage foreign and private investment in regeneration schemes
what is rebranding?
Rebranding is regeneration and reimaging combined. It is needed to attract not only personal investment into the area it also business and industry. Rebranding is about marketing a regenerated area in a way to make it attractive to businesses, residents and visitors. In an increasingly competitive market, you need to make your area stand out and so rebranding must cover both the function but also perception of it, hence where the reimaging comes in.
what is murdle’s model of cumulative causation?
the process by which one region of a country becomes increasingly the centre of economic activity
the process is from the introduction of new industry, to then more hobs and increased demands for shops to increase pop, increased income for the area from taxes to the growth of the tertiary sector and then leading to an attractive aerator business’ to relocate to innovation to then similar or related industries to be attracted leading to the creation of other industries
what is Paul Cloke’s theory index of rurality?
it goes from:
extreme rural
intermediate rural
^^ these are declining
intermediate non-rural
extreme non-rural
^^ these are growing
what is rural depopulation?
the absolute decline of population living in a rural area
what is rural-urban migration?
the permanent change of residence of an individual, family or group of people from an area classified as rural to one classified as urban
what are three examples of negative multipliers?
1) Mechanisation- reduces amount of jobs available leads to increased unemployment which leads to depopulation of people in search of work, reducing spending leading to rural decline
2) unemployment- leads to less motivation, reduced morale and increase in depression, leading to an increase in reliance on healthcare and prescriptions, therefore draining the healthcare funds
3) higher aspirations for young people- can increase motivation to work hard at school which can lead to a brain drain once qualified but also utilisation of the bright light syndrome as urban life becomes more attractive and in reach
what are 5 roles of the central government?
1) privatisation of industries
2) allocating funds successfully to certain regions
3) they want to make the UK appealing for FDI as the UK government doesn’t have the money to invest in regeneration
4) they need to make money/profit so want to make the UK an appealing place to attract FDI
5) where and how much for each region as they control finances
what is the chamber of commerce?
represents small businesses
what are resident associations?
they try to protect the area they lair in
why was there a need for regeneration in Liverpool?
- in 1980s they were badly affected by industrial decline with high levels of crime and vandalism and led to high levels of deprivation
- lack of retail and commercial industry, increasing competition from other areas
- when the docklands went out of their function and land became derelict as tech continued to improve and so Liverpool declined rapidly
- In the 1960’s Liverpool was the third most visiting shopping centre in the UK and by 2002 it had dropped to 17th
who were the stakeholders involved in regeneration in Liverpool?
- working population (availability of jobs for all workers (skilled and unskilled)
- Local community (rehousing, too expensive for elderly)
- Stakeholders and developers such as urban splash and Liverpool vision have worked within the ropewalks partnership to refurbish historical buildings as luxury settlements and establishing an active residential community
- Government were involved as they provided a £5 billion fund for the scheme and gave framework and ideas for local gov to act on
- UN were involved in declaring the Liverpool docklands a UNESCO world heritage site
- Paradise project cost £1 billion and all the money was raised from the private sector, reducing reliance on government funds
What conflicts occurred between the stakeholders in Liverpool?
- conflict through the local communities through the increased amount of congestion and pollution due to the UNESCO site
- Poorer communities at risk due to rising house prices through regeneration
- Elderly pushed out due to gentrification meaning age structure changed
- Opposition to the impacts of the new project, such as the removal of public rights of way and the effect it would have on other parts of the city centre
- Chambers of commerce which are often headed by smaller organisations may be against large scale regeneration as it attracts larger and more affluent businesses and unicorn companies that can outcompete them
what was done socially for Liverpool?
- Waterfront was declared a UNESCO world heritage site as it reflects the area’s historic importance as a trading port, it now has 4 million visitors a year
- Liverpool uni has created opportunities for younger generations and has created an educated and innovative population to perhaps facilitate growing job opportunities
- Regeneration has also helped people that are low skilled and on low wages by providing opportunities for deprived areas
- Culture has boomed through housing two premier league football teams and many visual arts attractions such as the Beatles. This draws people into the area and leads to more spending and sustaining regeneration as it guarantees the movement of people into the area throughout the year.
what was done economically for Liverpool?
- There has been large amounts of FDI which have encouraged companies to locate there to boost the economy as there is more economic activity in the area
- There was a £5 billion scheme allowing for many opportunities (housing, offices, waterfront quarter)
- Regenerated a 60-hectare historic dockland to create a world class, high quality, waterfront feature
- Improved retail services and shopping centres allowing competition with other UK cities (London). It has created 160 new stores (tertiary jobs, better pay and therefore greater tax revenue) as well as a range of leisure activities and 600 residential units and offices
was the regeneration a success in terms of socially?
- YES: in recent years, 8-10 million tourists have visited Liverpool each year from worldwide countries. Tourism has been aided through the budget airline that use Liverpool John Lennon Airport. Tourists have made Liverpool one of the ten most visited destinations in the UK. Liverpool has become a capital of culture with a yearlong programme of events
- NO: as the area becomes more developed with high-paid jobs there will be a lack of affordable housing due to gentrification and so it may cause residents to be pushed out, widening the gap of income, lack of sustainability
- NO: rising land prices has forced many out of the city as they aren’t affluent enough to sustain this lifestyle. E.g. the elderly through gentrification. Services of the local area are more benefited towards the younger pop (night life and education)
was the regeneration in Liverpool successful economically
- YES: greater tax revenue for government due to the increased amount of money coming into the economy through more job opportunities
- YES: the city’s economy is said to have been boosted by £800 million of additional income in 2008 alone
- NO: despite regeneration schemes a vast proportion of wards in the 10% most deprived, creating large social inequalities and exacerbating the gap between the rich and the poor. This is further increased by the housing affordability crisis meaning many residents can no longer sustain a city lifestyle
was the regeneration successful in Liverpool environmentally?
- NO: Increased noise and air pollution due to denser urban environment and increased tourism
- YES: the preservation of the dockland area has helped to sustain aquatic ecosystems in the area and nearby water
- YES: the regeneration has catalysed the revival of the built environment. The previously derelict land has not been preserved through its status as a world heritage site, preventing widespread urban decay
what was done to rebrand the area? Liverpool
heritage
- Regenerated the 60-hectare historic dockland site (Albert docks) into a maritime museum, shops and apartments, in 2004 the waterfront became a UNESCO site
culture
- in 2008 they were the european capital of culture, leading to an investment of about £4 billion in arts and infrastructure
- Reimaging changed the image of the area to a hub for music and visual arts, a tribute to Beatles through the renaming of their airport to John Lennon airport, attracting more tourists
retail
- A new commercial heart created, office blocks, income coming in
- Created 160 new stores, city regenerated as Liverpool ONE, a £900 million shopping and leisure hub
living
- Liverpool was made into a more inclusive social environment in contrast to the 1981 race riots.
why was there need for regeneration in Cornwall?
- Located in remote rural area so isn’t well connected (5-hour drive to London), being a long way from core markers and job opportunities, not ideal for TNC’s far from the UK’s core economic area of London- where most economic activity takes place
- Used to be important for fishing and agriculture, was in need in higher-paid industries
- Brain drain due to the lack of connectivity and lack of good jobs and so young people may want to migrate
- NME, conflicts who like rural areas for the peace and tranquillity, increasing second home ownership creating less affordable housing for locals
- 20% of Cornwall’s working-age population earns less than the living wage
who were the stakeholders involved in the regeneration on Cornwall?
- the local government invested £550,000 on investigations into the A391 to improve links
- Council has received £12.6 million from the department for communities and local government (DCLG) to provide infrastructure that supports new eco-developments
- the EU provided £50 million for regeneration
- Environmental stakeholders, Cornwall’s biggest asset is its scenery and environment, the national trust, royal horticultural society and English heritage all own large areas of land (national trust involved)
- national government was responsible for Cornwall’s enterprise status in 2014 which arguable attracted the investment. They also provided funds and framework to local government.
- combined universities
what conflict occurred between stakeholders in Cornwall?
- People vs local council and youth vs elders
- Younger generation want area regenerated to have things like large shopping centres, clubs and affordable housing which would give them a reason to stay, preventing a brain drain. Elders want the area to stay quiet and feel more like a community, maintain traditional features
- Increased investment from gov could lead to conflict with local businesses who are in the tourism and primary sector as there are now more established companies which can outcompete local entrepreneurs, making them less supportive of the regeneration
what was done socially in Cornwall?
- Cornwall’s ‘old economy’ consisting of agriculture and fishing which was mainly primary sector jobs has declined with its biggest industry being tourism (tertiary sector) due to long coastlines, history and the Eden project (79% of workforce is tertiary, many in tourism which is low paid and seasonal).
- Job opportunities have become widely available to youths. These new jobs open doors to them like moving to new locations. This would encourage students to study harder to live with a good QOL
- Combined universities in Cornwall was made by the joining of two universities, these offer degree courses and help graduates to set up their own businesses, preventing the brain drain
- Farm Diversification- many farms shops in Cornwall now sell home-made pasties, Cornish cheese, hand-made ice cream and award-winning beers and wines.
- Outdoor Pursuits- surfing, rock climbing and para-surfing are just some of the activities attracting tourism to Cornwall.
what was done economically in Cornwall?
- wave hub is a wave-power research project installed on the seabed in 2010, the project will earn £76 million over 25 years for Cornwall’s economy, creating 170 jobs
- emerged as an aerohub whereby a partnership was formed between council and private sector investors who aim to begin a process of diversifying the economy away from just tourism, this has led to the clustering and agglomeration of aircraft related industries, increasing innovation.
- Their regeneration has been mainly based around the Eden project where within the first 5 years of opening it contributed £700 million to the local economy and overall £1.6 billion
- enterprise zones have attracted a variety of industry investments leading to clustering and agglomeration. This has benefitted the local economy through sparking Murdle’s model of cumulative causation.
what was done environmentally in cornwall?
- increased accessibility and higher population density have led to environmental repercussions such as increased noise and pollution. - It has also aesthetically disrupted areas of previously untouched greenbelt land
was the regeneration a success socially in cornwall?
- YES: by 2016, over 95% of Cornwall had access to fibre broadband (the first county to have this). Cornwall now has the world’s largest rural fibre network. This encourages businesses, particularly knowledge-economy companies, 2000 jobs created, with an economic impact of around €200 million per year
- NO: the aerospace business park did not actually bring in that many new jobs, by 2015 little new investment had come into cornwall’s new aerohub.
- YES: More educated and qualified workforce in the area which has increased local tax revenue has led to more social spending and therefore improved quality of services (e.g. healthcare and education) for local residents.
- YES: Combined universities in Cornwall was made by the joining of two universities, these offer degree courses and help graduates to set up their own businesses, preventing the brain drain
- NO: despite a form of studentification in Cornwall created a thriving night life, it has shifted away from the previous perception of Cornwall as a calm rural environment. For the elderly, it means services are no longer tailored toward their needs. Also students often are quite transient and therefore less engagement in the area. This reduces the sense of community and means that in certain areas the threshold pop may not be met.
was the regeneration a success economically in cornwall?
- YES: the student economy from the combined university has resulted in a health property rental market, and a thriving evening economy of bars and restaurants
- YES: if one was to judge the success through tourism, within the first 5 years of the Eden Project opening it contributed £700 million to the Cornish economy, future plans to build another Eden centre in china 4 times the size, led to the improved QOL of the local community and cumulative causation
- YES: by 2007, objective one had backed 580 projects in Cornwall with £230 million. This attracts investment and TNC’s into the area, spurring Murdle’ model of cumulative causation. Until 2005, the Cornish economy grew faster (at 5.8%) than the UK average (5.4%) and had the fastest growth rate of any EU region
- NO: in 2014, Cornwall council obtained enterprise zone status for Newquay aerospace business park, to diversify its economy away from the dependence on tourism, this hoped to make 700 high-paid permanent jobs, by the end of 2015 only 450 jobs were made, many of which weren’t actually new
- NO: Cornwall’s enterprise status means the region has to compete with other areas to qualify for government assistance. This has led to many compromises and concessions perhaps limiting the scale of success
was the regeneration a success environmentally in cornwall?
- YES: Aesthetic appeal of the area also increased as unpleasant brownfield sites were utilised. This has allowed economic multiplier effect which corresponds to Butler’s model of tourism.
- NO: the majority of jobs brought by tourism are seasonal, weather-dependant, Newquay airport reflects Cornwall’s biggest economic problem- it lacks a year-round economy.
- NO: although the Eden project offered discounted rates for arriving by public transport or car sharing, they found that 97% of visitors actually drove to the site, increasing noise and air pollution, also led to more litter and therefore environmental damage
- NO: increased accessibility and a focus on aircraft related industries have led to a proportionate rise in emissions and therefore air pollution in the area. This can have repercussions towards climate change but also respiratory problems.
what was done to rebrand the area in cornwall?
- Eden project
- Job opportunities for the youth
- Work experience and apprenticeship opportunities give young people opportunities, lessening the amount of migration
- Restructuring of the economy
- Newquay aerospace business park
- The image has inevitably changed as using Cloke’s index of rurality it has gone from an ‘extreme rural area’ to an ‘intermediate/extreme non-rural area’
- image changed to an aerohub due to clustering and agglomeration of aircraft related industries from a previously primary dominated area
what social indicators would we expect after regeneration?
- decrease in crime rate
- less homeless
- increased tourism
- younger population, demographic change
- reduction in inequalities
what economic indicators would we see after regeneration?
- higher GDP
- less on benefits
- increased TNC’s, investors, higher sectors, agglomeration and clustering
explain why regeneration usually improves people’s local living environment
- transformation of derelict brownfield sites, Stratford dredging the river, planting trees, offices
- investment from TNC’s, transport links (Stratford with olympics, less congestion, less air pollution), invest in services, gentrification (cafe culture)
- higher attachment means people will do less vandalism and graffiti, if community are involved in regeneration they feel pride of their area
- e.g. starford, 6000 new Boris bikes, 8.6% pollution don
suggest reasons why perceptions may vary in cities, such as hull, about the success fo regeneration
- some would look at formal perceptions (gov), whilst others look at informal perceptions (those living there)
- startford, local and national investors vs local community, different things, big business’ over competing local businesses, depriving, widening the gap, lack of culture
- government looking purely at economic factors vs informal perceptions of the community at QOL, what jobs are available
- contrasting priorities, local government focused on economic factors, residents on crime
why was there a need for regeneration in Kielder Forest?
- Kielder is a very remote village in Northumberland, large coniferous plantation built and a 11km long reservoir built in 1975, suffering from low levels of tourism as few people visit regularly
- north east of England faced decline of the primary sector, due to mechanisation meaning jobs that were occupied were now being completed by machinery
- Location is near to Sheffield, a previous steel making town meaning the area is very deprived as the industry went into decline
- At the beginning of the 2000’s, Kielder’s landlord had in effect put much of the village up for sales and many were advertised at a London auction under the headline ‘woodland villagers losing fight for survival’
- Houses in Kielder forest were being auctioned for guide prices of between £13,000 and £18,000
- Transport was a big problem, car owners had to take a 35 mile round trip for fuel to Bellingham further down the valley
who were the stakeholders involved in regeneration in Kielder forest?
- The government, they gave a £500,000 grant for a four year programme to rebuild the community
- Private and business investments made, 200 people are employed in the area
- The local Tynedale council helped create a business plan
- Volunteers work with the ranger team and other activities
- local/national government which are projected to raise £40 million of funding over the next 10 years
- Kielder Water and Forest Park Development Trust -> involved with engaging with the local community and updating members on related happenings along with the parks development
What conflict occurred between stakeholders in Kielder forest?
- Environmentalists concerned about the protection of the woodland, preserving its biodiversity rather than developing it
- Residents not happy due to the increased noise pollution from the man-made lake, also the loss of land and increased congestion
- Many local residents find conflict over the scheme with the government. This is primarily due to the compulsory purchase of land and forced relocation of many.
- Secretary of State had empathy for the residents affected as they said that the pros and cons of constructing the reservoir had to be investigated further to make sure that putting people through this hardship was necessary
what was done socially in kielder forest?
- Reimaging took place as it is one of the largest forests in England meaning many tourists and investors are attracted to the area, increasing demand for services and retail fuelling Murdle’s model of cumulative causation
- they received a £500,000 government grant for a four-year programme to rebuild the community. This has benefitted local people through improve services and leisure activities, improving the QOL.
what was done economically for kielder forest?
- Constructed a man-made lake to create another site to visit in Kielder (cost of £167 million and was opened by the queen in 1982)
- tourism of £706 million to our local economy
- turned kielder water and forest park into an ‘outdoor nature playground’
what was done environmentally for kielder forest?
- investment has increased in the area to utilise the environment. Biggest hydroelectric plant in England is located here with the total water released set at a maximum of 1.3 million metres cubed per day. This has helped to reduce CO2 emissions and therefore the associated risks with climate change.
- spans 250 square miles, is home to the largest forest in England and the largest man-made lake in northern Europe. It was voted the most tranquil place in England by the Campaign to Protect Rural England
- observatory for dark skies to attract astrotourism
- forest is home to hold of England’s red squirrels
was the regeneration a success socially in kielder forest?
NO: it has led to unhappy residents due to the increased noise pollution, perhaps it has had a negative environmental impact due to the disruption of its biodiversity
YES: reimaging took place and is now the largest forest in England. This helped to create vast amounts of employment as around 200 people are employed both directly and indirectly through timber harvesting. Shows the vital role the forest plays in the economy
YES: improved transport links, the company has spent £25,000 on a eight-seated community bus taxi which will provide links between Scotland and England
YES: they received a £500,000 government grant for a four-year programme to rebuild the community. This has benefitted local people through improve services and leisure activities, improving the QOL.
was regeneration an economic success in kielder forest?
YES: The project has been successful because they expect 300,000 visitors annually, it has won gold to be officially recognised as the best tourism experience in the country, led to localised spending so local businesses around the tourist attractions will benefit.
YES: more than nine million people visit the county each year contributing to a staggering £706 million to our local economy
YES: hydroelectric power releases a max of 1.3 million meters cubed a day which has increased employment and therefore tax revenue, satisfying the government.
YES: hydroelectric power means surrounding areas become reliant on Kielder forest for energy, increasing its influence and the importance of its function.
was regeneration an environmental success in kielder forest?
YES: Wildlife has been a success, since 2009, a total of 42 osprey chicks will have been born in the forest, constituting a success for many environmentalists as it allows species to develop, increasing biodiversity.
NO: issues associated with HE power including drought in certain areas and flooding in others whilst blocking aquatic migration routes and destroying certain habitats. This can damage both human and physical features.
NO: Increased tourism into the area has increased air pollution emissions and litter, both of which can damage the environment.
YES: observatory for dark skies has helped to attract a different subsection of tourism such as those who are interested in astro-tourism
YES: investment into HE power is an environmental success as it has helped to convert local energy sources towards cleaner methods. This helped to reduced CO2 emissions and therefore the associated risks with climate change.
what was done to rebrand the area of Kielder forest?
- Constructed a man-made lake
- More local coffee shops, improving economy
- The area has utilised its environment to create a tourist attraction in its own right (largest forest in England). This is an example of large-scale reimaging.
- Shifted in status in Cloke’s index of rurality.
why was there a need for regeneration in Stratford?
- In the late 20th century it was a period of severe economic decline, high unemployment
- Carpenter’s road lock needed desperate regeneration as it was extremely polluted and dirty, it was supposed to be one of the areas most creative and striking features
- Stratford had no real function
- There was a lack of infrastructure and environmental quality was poor, e.g. greenway was littered with rubbish
- It had one of the most deprived communities in the country, where unemployment was high and levels of health were poor
- in the 2001 census, east London contained some of the UK’s poorest areas. The mayor of London at the time believed that the Olympics could help to build a process of convergence, reducing the gap between the wealthiest and poorest
who were the stakeholders involved in the regeneration of Stratford?
- Local business tailor their goods and services to facilitate the games, benefit from increased tourism
- Regional government- the mayor of London and the elected London assembly were responsible for ensuring that transportation was effective during the games, as well a supporting the expansion of housing and the east London economy after 2012
- Environmental stakeholders were concerned about the amount of dereliction due to the closure of the docklands, the queen Elizabeth Olympic park has cleaned up and re-landscaped the whole area.
- Global influences from the Olympic federation as they helped to coordinate the infrastructure built and allowing the event itself to locate here
- National government provides the funding for the scheme, they identified Stratford as a region that should host it in order to reap the benefits of such an event
what conflicts occurred between stakeholders in Stratford?
- Local community troubled by the growing amount of tourists visiting Stratford after/during the Olympics, led to increased congestion and air pollution, stopping cultural diffusion due to increased tourism
- Gentrification has led to communities having to move out, 4% increase in professional roles and flagship stores that do not suit the threshold population.
- Local businesses may shut down due to the increased amount of large scale businesses placing themselves here due to the growing economic opportunities
- Increasing prices in this highly desired area have made property extremely expensive. Affordable housing is needed for those on low incomes to rent.
- protests by residents of clay lane housing cooperative which was compulsory purchased in 2007 to make way for olympic site developments
- few jobs went to local people, whether temporary or permanent
what was done socially for startford?
- New university designed to specialise in sport technology increases qualification and job opportunities and greater skilled workers to attract business. (6.2% more of the educated population are qualified), leading to decline in outmigration and so services are sustained
- By 2030, more than 10,000 new homes will have been built in the park, around a third of which will be affordable
- Residential areas e.g. Chobham manor and sweetwater, which will provide 9000 new homes by 2025
what was done economically for Stratford?
- The development of westfield shopping centre and other businesses has led to the estimation of 20,000 new jobs to be created by 2030, bringing more than £300 million annually, this increases tax revenue for local gov and therefore has benefitted local community as it has increased social spenfing and therefore the quality of services
- East London tech hub has attracted unicorn companies such as google, amazon and facebook. Agglomeration and clustering have happened in the area furthering the economic prosperity
- From the Olympics, there were a large amount of new leisure centres including the Olympic stadium (now home to west ham football club) which generates a lot of money, the velodrome and lee valley hockey centre
what was done environmentally for Stratford?
- Development of 6000 boris bikes and the increased transport links allow for a direct train line from Stratford and so it has decreased the amount of air pollution by 8.6% as people avert from cars
- The scheme has cleaned areas such as the greenway, improving the informal perception of the area and preventing excessive damage to the environment.
- 100 ha of new greenspace was created with 4000 trees, after 600,000 tonnes of soil had been cleared of contaminants like arsenic, bitumen and ammonia.
- 3 km of rivers and canals were cleared, and in many cases, replanted.
was regeneration a success socially for Stratford?
NO: Olympic village has left a legacy of non-affordable housing that has worked to bring about gentrification in the area (4% increase in professional roles)
- NO: 14% of crimes are gang-related, symbolising cultural clash and lack of integration
- NO: under half the jobs involved are local people, not utilising the area, perhaps jobs are too skilled for the less educated community, not very accommodating
- YES: increase in cultural diversity as there has been a 34-17% loss in white British.
- NO: despite increasing housing, only a third of it is affordable due to rising affluence and gentrification. This has increased homelessness. (in newham between 2009 and 2014, it increased from 1.1 to 7.9 per 1000 households)
- YES: increased accessibility and transport have led to a vast proportion of workers commuting and therefore a transient population
was regeneration a success economically for Stratford?
- YES: the opening of the westfield shopping centre is an example of retail-led regeneration, which as created over 10,000 new jobs, in its first year it had a turnover of £1 billion, which added hugely to the local economy
- YES: east London tech hub has led to clustering increasing innovation but also developed improved broadband
- YES: East London tech hub has attracted TNCs such as google, amazon and facebook. Agglomeration and clustering have happened in the area furthering the economic prosperity
was regeneration an environmental success in stratford?
- YES: the development of 6000 Boris bikes and improved transport links has decreased air pollution by 8.6% as people avert from cars
- NO: precious greenbelt land was transformed into a built environment, thus altering naturalised habitats which had seamlessly integrated themselves into the surrounding urban area and acted as a buffer zone for CO2
- NO: the increase in commuters and population in general has to a greater CO2 emission which has obvious drawbacks for the environment
- NO: Stratford was a previous industrial site and therefore the ground was shown to be contaminated by a vast amount of toxic radioactivity. Studies show that there wasn’t enough time to build on the site and do a full decontamination process so this stage was skipped and therefore this could have unforeseen environmental issues
what was done to rebrand the area of stratford?
- Opening of the Westfield shopping centre
- 5000 purpose-built homes, offices, school, public spaces and other facilities which will provide many job opportunities
- The image has changed to become one that is centred around sporting activity
- The retail and commerce led regeneration has changed the image from a previously dominated residential area to one which is centred around tourism.
what is an administrative centre?
Places, usually larger county towns or cities, that make decisions about how to organise infrastructure and economic activity in the surrounding area.
what is a built environment?
An urban area with buildings and infrastructure, such as road and railways
what is cultural diffusion?
The spread of cultural ideas and way of life.
what is cultural enrichment?
The addition of ideas, actions and meanings that are the result of the arrival of new people to an area.
what is deregulation?
The process of reducing or removing rules governing economic activity in a country with the aim of encouraging investment.
what is diaspora?
The movement of a population away from their homeland
what is environmental impact assessment?
Its part of the planning stage all large projects must carry out a study of what the likely impacts will be of the project. A focus is often on the natural environment to ensure that it remains sustainable but can also include the impacts on people. (social and economic environments)
what is ethnic composition?
Information about the ethic characteristics of a group of people.
what is gentrification?
Renewal, renovation or rebuilding of older and deteriorating buildings in order to create more upmarket places for middle class resident to live, often displacing poorer residents.
what is idyll?
Used to describe a place that maximises the positives of a living space. It is often used in relation to rural areas with low pollution levels and plenty of green open space, unspoilt natural area, traditional (old fashioned) way of life and jobs.
what is lived experience?
During a persons lifetime they will have different experiences, depending on their family situation, family culture, education experiences, life cycle and personal interests. The experience can have a profound impact on a person’s perceptions and values, as well as on his or her general outlook and behaviour
what is quality of life index?
An attempt to objectively quantify the life –satisfaction of people living in a particular place.
what is regional disparity?
The economic and perhaps cultural, gap between different parts of a country, with a wealthy core region and a poorer peripheral region.
what are sink estates?
Council housing estates in Britain that score badly on the Index of multiple deprivation.
what is social clustering?
Groups of people frequently living close to people of a similar background to feel more comfortable in their daily lives. This may be voluntary, or partly forced by economic factors such as poverty and affordability of housing. Sometimes known as polarisation.
what is spiral of decline?
An on-going series of problems in an area, where one problem can lead to others, which in turn reinforces the problem.
what is a place?
space shaped by people’s perception over time
what is the rural-urban continuum?
this is the gradual merging of city into rural. there is rarely a sharp division between the two.
how does industry cause a change in place?
- GDP increases if industry increases
- spatial growth with an increase in industry
- de-urbanisation if the industry relocates
- urbanisation and population increases if there is more industry
- increased SOL and QOL if more people have better paid jobs due to greater industry
what are the areas of primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary employment?
primary- SW England
secondary- NE England
tertiary- SE England
quaternary- E England, Cambridge
what is happening to the employment type in the UK?
- Rapidly changing
- More part-time
- More temporary contracts
- More self-employment
what is life expectancy like in England?
- In places of higher employment such as Richmond, Chelsea and Kensington the life expectancy is higher
- North-south divide shows inequality
- Average for men is 77.2 and for women it is 81.6
- less access to healthcare in poorer areas also have lower LE
what are key influences on LE?
gender, income, occupation, lifestyle choices, culture and education
what is the Glasgow effect?
link between health and deprivation of life expectancy
what is the difference in LE between maybury and sheerwater and horsell and woodham?
maybury and sheerwater- 76
horsell and woodham- 84.4
what are food deserts?
inner cities that lack choices for food (takeaway and cheap processed food so negatively impacts health so lower LE)
how does employment impact social factors?
- Has both direct and indirect impacts on social factors
- If people achieve better education it means that employment will increase as there are more qualified people
- If there is higher rate of employment it means that there will be more activity and so there will be greater tax revenue for the government leading to improved healthcare which will lead to an increase in life expectancy.
what is location quotient?
a number
equal or less than 1 = matches proportion of national employment
higher than 1 = more industry is located, substantially higher employment compared to the national average, more job opportunities
what would happen in a high LQ industry with a declining LQ?
it may be detrimental to local and national economy as it will lead to de-industrialisaiton, e.g. the steel industry (REDCAR)
impacts of economic change on social factors?
- If activity goes up, then higher income and therefore gov have a higher tax revenue which can be invested in services
- If activity goes down = less affluent area therefore QOL and SOL will go down as less money can be invested into services
what is QOL?
the level of social and economic wellbeing experienced by individuals or communities measured by various indicators including health, happiness, educational achievement, income, leisure and time
explain unemployment in the UK
- north/south divide clearly shown
- high employment in the S England, close to London, commuting location and requires services
- former industrialised area, industrial relocation, automated machinery
what is the global and national scale of QOL?
global- HDI
national- national well-being: life in the UK or IMD
what are the different variables of IMD?
- income
- employment
- living environment
- health deprivation and disability
- barriers to housing and services
- crime
it attempts to quantify deprivation in England. it is a very fine-grained index as it splits England into nearly 33,000 small areas with 1500 people each, disparities within?
what are the 4 factors contributing to quality of life and inequality?
employment opportunities
social inequality
service inequality
environmental inequality
what are the different populations in woking, hackney and minehead?
woking- 101,200
hackney- 279,700
minehead- 11,980
what are the differences in health between woking, hackney and minehead?
woking- general health is good, only 3.87% in bad health
hackney- roughly 5% of people have bad health
minehead- 6..4% of people have bad health
what are the differences in education between woking, minehead and hackney?
- Woking = 64.7% of people have +5 O levels
- Minehead = 36.1% of people have +5 O levels
- Hackney = 19.8% of people have +5 O levels
what is the link between employment and health?
if there is high employment it means there will be a greater tax revenue for the government and so health services will improve due to not only an increase in qualified professionals but also an increase in the investment of hospitals.
what is the link between employment and education?
if there is a better education system then it means that there will be greater employment as people will be motivated and be qualified enough to access high-paid skilled jobs, strengthening the economy
what is the link between employment and life expectancy?
through increased employment it will lead to higher life expectancy as people will be able to afford good healthcare and through the improved investment into healthcare through greater tax revenue it will furthern the life expectancy
what is a function?
the roles a place plays for its community and surroundings, these can grow and change
This could be: retail, industrial, commercial, agriculture or administrative, sports-led in Stratford
how have functions changed and how can they be measured?
- when they go through industrialisation they may change to a different industry and so their function will change, due to physical factors, accessibility or for historical reason, this may lead to a need for large investment in order to reorganise the city to suits its new function
- This is changing rapidly because of the internet and broadband services; online shopping and banking is pushing out high streets
- In rural settings, pubs may be doubling as community centres, post offices and village shops. The central building becomes the pub in very rural areas. There has been a large rise in small businesses nationally, possibly due to the global shift and industrial relocation.
measured through:
- changes in demographics
- land-use changes, rebranding from industrial to commercial
- changes in employment
- deprivation
what are administrative areas?
Administrative areas are usually large cities that organise economic activity in surrounding areas.
administrative places have council offices, school and other public services like clinics and hospitals.
what is demographic change categorised by?
- Ethnic composition
- Gentrification
- Studentification
- Age structure
- Diversity
explain ethnic composition to cause demographic change?
England and wales: 91.3% white (2001) vs 86% white (2011)
- This shows the impact of immigration and growth of a multi-cultural society
explain gentrification for demographic change?
- Approximately 10% of people were employed in trade and managerial or directional occupations in urban areas but this increased to 14% in rural areas. These jobs earn more, combined with the improved technology and communications has enabled more skilled workers to live in rural areas
explain age structure for demographic change?
- Rural areas have a higher elderly population (larger dependency ratio) and lower unemployment rates than in urban areas. The median age in rural areas is 45, and in urban the average age is 37.
what are the main reasons for functional change? (explained)
physical
- proximity to large cities and core economic zones (physical)
- attractive environments (accessibility and connectedness)
- technology on the rise, vehicles facilitate urban sprawl and counter urbanisation
- the global shift
- locational needs or source availability change
accessibility and connectedness
- infrastructure, roads, air, rail
- connectivity for businesses to other economies, help competition
historical development
- postproduction era, primary and secondary industry has ended, e.g. Liverpool’s docklands changed to world-class UNESCO site, shift from commercial to tourism
- changes in consumer trends:
in retailing, corner shops to online shopping
- increased affluence led to increased leisure and tourism functions, houses converted into B&Bs
local and national planning
- national gov policies on restructuring the UK economy
- Plan led systems, green belts introduced to relieve population pressure on cities and core regions
- Large schemes require an EIA (environmental impact assessment) in order to encourage conversions rather than renewal schemes
what are the changes in function in woking?
original function
- easy access to Brookwood cemetery from London via train station
new function
- commercial industry
- economic hub for the county
demographics
- young professionals
- families with kids
what are the changes in function in minehead?
original function
- fishing town with a small port and agriculture
new function
- tourism
demographics
- causes a younger (less) educated population
what are the 7 overall principles china’s gov want to implement for building better cities?
1) Preserve- natural ecologies and culturalists
2) Mix- create mix-use and mix-income areas
3) Walk- design walkable streets and human scale neighbourhoods
4) Bike- prioritise bikes (most efficient), networks- china has adapted policy to put 6m of bike lanes on every road
5) Connect- increase road density and limit block size
6) Ride- develop high quality transit
7) Focus- match density and mix to transit capacity
explain the low density sprawl in the USA
Isolates people and doesn’t allow interaction of cities
- We need mixed use environments that don’t just benefit a type of person
- Common cause brings about change (urban reforms)
- The sprawl version of California consumes more land than Delaware and Rhode Island
- Reducing sprawl also reduces passenger vehicle pollution (Cali’s biggest problem) by more than half
- Saves $1 bill annually by 2035 in respiratory health costs in Cali
explain the high density sprawl in china
isolates people in superblocks and creates smog
- 12% of China’s GDP is spent on health problems caused by smog
- Each superblock has 5000 units in it, no sidewalks or ground floor shops, sterile environment
