Module 2: Evolution and Speciation Flashcards

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1
Q

C22: Which predecessors had major influences on Darwin and Wallace in their forming the theory of evolution?

A

Lamarck, Lyell, and Malthus

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2
Q

C22: How do differences between species allow them to be well-suited to the environment they are found in?

A
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3
Q

C22: How can the theory of evolution explain the many differences observed between species?

A
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4
Q

C22: How can the theory of evolution explain the similarities among different and even distantly related species?

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5
Q

C22: How does natural selection work, and what five premises underlie Darwin’s theory?

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6
Q

C22: Why do we say that the population is the fundamental unit of evolution?

A
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7
Q

C22: How can you distinguish “homologous” vs “convergent” traits (such as in examples from the book)?

A
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8
Q

C23: What is the gene pool in a population of organisms?

A
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9
Q

C23: How do you calculate allele frequencies in a population?

A
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10
Q

C23: What is Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium (HWE)?

A
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11
Q

C23: What are the assumptions of HWE?

A
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12
Q

C23: How can we use HWE to assess whether a population is evolving?

A
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13
Q

C23: Be able to calculate the expected genotype frequencies of a population under HWE

A
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14
Q

C23: What is genetic drift, and why is drift especially important in small populations?

A
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15
Q

C23: Why is natural selection the only evolutionary process that can lead to adaptation?

A
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16
Q

C23: What is the difference between directional, stabilizing, and disruptive selection?

A
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17
Q

C24: Explain the major species concepts, particularly the biological species concept.

A
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18
Q

C24: Why are there more than one species concept?

A
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19
Q

C24: Why might each species concept be useful?

A
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20
Q

C24: What are some examples of reproductive isolation mechanisms? (include pre- and post-zygotic isolation mechanisms)

A
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21
Q

C24: Are there any advantages of pre- vs. post-zygotic isolation?

A
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22
Q

C24: Why is allopatric speciation much more common than sympatric speciation?

A
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23
Q

C24: In plants, hybridization & polyploidy can produce new species. How does that cause reproduction isolation? (hint: think about meiosis)

A
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24
Q

C24: What are some examples of hybrid zones?

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25
Q

C24: What will happen if reproduction isolation is incomplete when populations come back into contact?

A
26
Q

C24: How can hybrid zones sometimes lead to reinforcement or fusion?

A
27
Q

Species concepts (list three)

A
28
Q

Morphological (species concept)

A
29
Q

Biological (species concept)

A
30
Q

Ecological (species concept)

A
31
Q

Isolation mechanisms (list two)

A
32
Q

Prezygotic (isolation mechanism)

A
33
Q

Postzygotic (isolation mechanism)

A
34
Q

Types of PREZYGOTIC isolation

A
35
Q

Types of POSTZYGOTIC isolation

A
36
Q

Lineage

A
37
Q

Clade

A
38
Q

Sister species

A
39
Q

Reproductive isolation

A
40
Q

Speciation (what is / list two types)

A
41
Q

Allopatric (speciation)

A
42
Q

Sympatric (speciation)

A
43
Q

Polyploidy

A
44
Q

Hybrid zone

A
45
Q

Reinforcement

A
46
Q

Fusion

A
47
Q

Stability

A
48
Q

C26: Know how to read and interpret a phylogenetic tree

A
49
Q

C26: What is the difference between homology and analogy? Give an example of each.

A
50
Q

C26: Why are homologous characters necessary to understand phylogenetic relationships?

A
51
Q

C26: What is the principle of Parsimony? How is it used to reconstruct phylogenies?

A
52
Q

C26: Why do evolutionary biologists focus on shared derived characters (“synapomorphies”) when reconstructing phylogenies?

A
53
Q

C26: How can you identify ancestral vs derived characters?

A
54
Q

C26: If phylogenetic trees are hypotheses, how can they be tested?

A
55
Q

C26: Know the hierarchical levels (ranks) of the Linnaean classification system

A

Domain > Kingdom > Phylum > Class > Order > Family > Genus > Species

56
Q

C26: Why do we try to have taxonomic groups (families, genera, etc.) correspond to monophyletic clades?

A
57
Q

Monophyletic group

A

sometimes called a clade, includes an ancestral taxon and all of its descendants

58
Q

Sister taxa

A