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Biomaterials > Week 8 > Flashcards

Week 8 Flashcards

1
Q

What are 4 biomedical applications of metals outside of dentistry?

A
  1. orthopedic implants
  2. fracture management devices
  3. stents
  4. spinal cage
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2
Q

What are 5 biomedical applications of metals in dentistry?

A
  1. brackets
  2. dental implants
  3. tools
  4. RPD
  5. restorations - amalgam
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3
Q

Where are metals found in the periodic table?

A
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4
Q

Any of several solid mineral elements that are malleable under heat or pressure and can conduct heat/electricity

A

metal

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5
Q

What are 4 examples of metals?

A
  1. iron
  2. gold
  3. silver
  4. copper
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6
Q

Why don’t pure metals have practical use in the industry?

A

low properties and expensive fabrication

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7
Q

the mix of two or more substances where at least one of them is a metal

A

alloy

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8
Q

What two things make up steel?

A
  1. iron
  2. carbon
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9
Q

What two things make up amalgam?

A
  1. mercury
  2. silver
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10
Q

What are the differences between metals and alloys?

A
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11
Q

What type of structure do metals have?

A

crystalline

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12
Q

True or false: metals are arranged in very compact and orderly patterns

A

true

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13
Q

What are the three main arrangement of atoms in metals?

A
  1. cubic body centered
  2. cubic face centered
  3. hexagonal
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14
Q

What are the five main methods of metal product manufacture?

A
  1. machining
  2. metal casting
  3. forging
  4. pressing
  5. 3D printing
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15
Q

What influences final properties of metals?

A

fabrication processes

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16
Q

What are the 6 post-processing (heat treatment) fabrication methods?

A
  1. annealing
  2. quenching
  3. agin
  4. stress
  5. relieving
  6. tempering
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17
Q

How are metal parts fabricated?

A
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18
Q

What 5 characteristics make up the ideal metallic biomaterial?

A
  1. high corrosion resistance
  2. biocompatibility
  3. osseo-integration
  4. high wear resistance
  5. suitable mechanical properties
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19
Q

What is wolf’s law of bone remodelling?

A
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20
Q

a result of removal of stress from the bone due to an implant

A

osteopenia

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21
Q

Ostepenia is an example of resorption or remodelling?

A

resorption

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22
Q

Who usually is affected by osteopenia?

A

astronauts

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23
Q

a biomechanical phenomenon causing adaptive changes in bone strength and stiffness around metallic implants, which potentially lead to implant loosening

A

stress shielding

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24
Q

Describe bone loss in Gruen zones

A

composite = too weak and could break (remove/resorb bone due to low stress)

titanium = just enough stress to both resorb and make bone (ideal substance for implants)

co-cr-mo = too much stress, bone continually added and too stiff

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25
Q

What are 6 common metallic biomaterials?

A
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26
Q

What is the gold standard in implant materials?

A

titanium (Ti) and Ti-alloys

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27
Q

What are the two characteristics of Ti and Ti-Alloys?

A
  1. light weight (2x lower than stainless steel and Co-Cr alloy)
  2. suitable mechanical properties for load-bearing
28
Q

What is commercially pure Ti or cp-Ti?

A
29
Q

Describe the mechanical properties of cp-Ti and how they change with grades

A
30
Q

What are the Ti phases?

A
31
Q

Ti is manufactured via controlled machining which comprises what 3 things?

A
  1. lathing
  2. threading
  3. milling
32
Q

Why is casting Ti alloys difficult?

A
  1. high melting points (1700 C)
  2. Ni absorption
33
Q

Describe the classification of Ti-alloys according to ASTM

A
34
Q

What three things do Ti alloys (Ti6Al4V) consist of?

A
35
Q

What are the Ti6AL4V properties?

A
36
Q

When is an implant osseointegrated?

A

when virtually no mobility in the bone is clinically detectable

37
Q

How should the interface be between the alloy and the bone of an implant?

A

direct with no intervening fibrous tissue

38
Q

Bony tissue grows to within _____ A of the implant surface

A

100

39
Q

Why is Ti alloy one of the most biocompatible materials?

A

it has excellent corrosion resistance

40
Q

What is the corrosion resistance of a Ti alloy due to?

A

formation of inert oxide layer

41
Q

In a Ti-alloy implant, where does bone grow?

A

adjacent to oxide surface

42
Q

What is the main reason for excellent biocompatibility of Ti?

A

low level of charge transfer

43
Q

The oxide layer is self-healing, what does this mean?

A

if the surface is scratched it repassivates instantaneously

44
Q

How does the oxide layer form?

A

titanium spontaneously forms a oxide surface on
exposure to air or physiologic saline environment

45
Q

What makes up stainless steel?

A
46
Q

What is corrosion resistance attributed to?

A

formation of chromium oxide layer (Cr2O3)

**more quantity of Cr, better corrosion resistance

47
Q

The (less/more) quantity of Cr, the better the corrosion resistance

A

more

48
Q

What is the classification of stainless steel?

A
49
Q

What are the 4 characteristics of martensitic SS?

A
50
Q

What are the two characteristics of ferritic SS?

A
  1. manufacturing medical devices
  2. handles for instruments and medical guide pins
51
Q

What are 4 characteristics of austenitic SS?

A
  1. excellent cryogenic properties
  2. high temperature strength
  3. oxidation resistance
  4. formability
52
Q

What 4 things does SS 316L consist of?

A
  1. Iron 60-65%
  2. Chromium (17-20%)
  3. Nickel (12-14%)
  4. Small amounts of Mo, Ni, C, P, Si, F
53
Q

What does the L in 316L stand for?

A

low carbon content (<0.030%)

54
Q

Why is it important to have low carbon content?

A

for excellent corrosion resistance (prevent carbide accumulation)

55
Q

What 3 things is SS 316L primarily used for?

A
  1. coronary stents
  2. orthopedic implants
  3. fracture fixation devices
56
Q

What is the drawback of SS 316L?

A

release of certain metal ions that may lead to some serious disease (Fe, Ni, Cr)

57
Q

What are the four common variations of cobalt based alloys (co-cr alloys)?

A
58
Q

What has higher corrosion resistance? stainless steel or cobalt-based alloys?

A

cobalt based alloys b/c they form a Cr2O3 oxide layer

59
Q

Describe the roles of alloying elements

A
60
Q

What are two issues associated with cobalt-based alloys?

A
  1. stress shielding
  2. metal toxicity
61
Q

Co alloys are generally superior to stainless steels in terms of what 3 things?

A
  1. corrosion
  2. fatigue
  3. wear
62
Q

What remains the most popular metallic implant for joint bearing systems?

A

Wrought Co-Cr-Mo alloys

63
Q

What is an outstanding property of nitinol?

A
64
Q

What does nitinol consist of?

A
65
Q

What are two examples of smart applications?

A
  1. self expanding stents
  2. smart brackets
66
Q

True or false: Biocompatibility remains controversial for Ni-Ti

A

True

Biomaterials (10 decks)

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