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Cardiovascular system > Normal ECG > Flashcards

Normal ECG Flashcards

1
Q

Which leads have an inferior view of the heart?

A

2, 3, aVF

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2
Q

Which leads have a lateral view of the heart?

A

1, aVL, aVR, V5, V6

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3
Q

Which leads have an anterior view of the heart?

A

V3, V4

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4
Q

Which leads have a septal view of the heart?

A

V1, V2

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5
Q

Why can we consider all atrial and all ventrical cells to contract as groups?

A

cardiac myocytes are connected by gap junctions which allow rapid transmission of electrical impulses from cell to cell

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6
Q

Which direction does current flow?

A

from negative to positive

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7
Q

What direction is the current going if there is an upward deflection?

A

current moving towards electrode

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8
Q

What direction is the current going if there is a downward deflection?

A

current moving away from electrode

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9
Q

What directions do the deflections of depolarisation and repolarisation point?

A

the same direction

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10
Q

What is the natural pacemaker of the heart?

A

sinoatrial (SA) node

pacemaker cells spontaneously depolarise and initiate the heartbeat

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11
Q

Is depolarisation or repolarisation slower? How does this show on an ECG?

A

repolarisation is a slower process
deflection is wider and has a smaller amplitude

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12
Q

What 2 types of waves can an ECG record?

A

depolarisation
repolarisation

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13
Q

What does the P wave represent? What does it look like?

A

atrial depolarisation

dome-shaped + symmetrical

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14
Q

What does the QRS complex represent?

A

ventricular depolarisation

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15
Q

What does the T wave represent? What does it look like?

A

ventricular repolarisation

longer than P wave + asymmetrical
usually points same direction as QRS complex

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16
Q

What does the PR interval represent?

A

the time for wave of depolarisation to spread from SA node –> across atria –> through AV node –> ventricular muscle

measure from beginning of P wave to beginning of QRS

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17
Q

Why is having adequate PR interval important physiologically?

A

physiologic delay gives ventricles enough time to fill up with blood before they depolarise

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18
Q

What is a Q wave?

A

if the first deflection is down in the QRS complex, this is a Q wave

19
Q

What is an R wave?

A

the first upwards deflection of the QRS complex

20
Q

What is an S wave?

A

the downward deflection after an R wave

21
Q

What does the ST segment represent?

A

interval between ventricular depolarisation and repolarisation

flat, isoelectric portion of ECG between S wave and T wave

22
Q

What does the QT interval represent?

A

time taken for ventricular depolarisation an repolarisation

beginning of QRS to end of T wave

23
Q

What are the limb leads? How can these be further classified?

A

limb leads = 1, 2, 3, aVR, aVL, aVF
bipolar leads = 1, 2, 3
augmented leads = aVR, aVL, aVF

24
Q

What are the chest leads?

A

V1, V2, V3, V4, V5, V6

25
Q

What is meant by axis?

A

overall direction of depolarisation in the frontal plane

26
Q

What is a normal cardiac axis?

A

-30 to 90 degrees

27
Q

What would be considered left axis deviation?

A

less than -30

28
Q

What would be considered right axis deviation?

A

more than 90

29
Q

How would a normal axis look on an ECG (leads 1 and 2)?

A

both pointing up

30
Q

How would left axis deviation look on an ECG (leads 1 and 2)?

A

QRS complexes leaving each other (pointing away from each other)

31
Q

How would right axis deviation look on an ECG (leads 1 and 2)?

A

QRS complexes reaching towards each other (pointing towards each other)

32
Q

What plane do the chest leads look at the heart in?

A

horizontal plane

33
Q

What area of the heart does the right coronary artery supply?

A

inferior (shown by leads 2, 3 and aVF)

34
Q

What areas of the heart does the left anterior descending artery supply?

A

septal (shown by leads V1 and V2)

anterior (shown by leads V3 and V4)

35
Q

What area of the heart does the circumflex artery supply?

A

lateral (shown by 1, aVL, V5, and V6)

36
Q

How can you systematically assess an ECG?

A

Patient details
paper speed
calibration
rate
rhythm
axis
waves (P, QRS, T)
intervals (PR, ST, QT)

37
Q

How much time does a little square represent on an ECG?

A

0.04 seconds

38
Q

How much time does a big square represent on an ECG?

A

0.2 seconds

39
Q

How can over-calibration show on an ECG?

A

QRS complexes between leads touching /overlapping

40
Q

How can under-calibration show on an ECG?

A

very small calibration curve and QRS complexes

41
Q

What is the standard paper speed for an ECG?

A

25 mm/sec

42
Q

How does a too fast paper speed show on an ECG?

A

looks slow, QRS complexes far apart

43
Q

How does a too slow paper speed show on an ECG?

A

looks fast, QRS complexes close together

Cardiovascular system (33 decks)

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