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Toxicology > Prelim PostLab > Flashcards

Prelim PostLab Flashcards

1
Q

any agent which may cause any serious body injury, disease or death when applied, introduced into, or developed within the body.

Contaminants
Pesticides
Poison
Chemicals

A

Poison

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2
Q

Chemically causes local destruction of tissues upon contact.

Corrosive
True
Cumulative

A

Corrosive

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3
Q

Still poisonous no matter how highly diluted

Corrosive
True
Cumulative

A

True

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4
Q

Example of Inorganic poisons:

A

Volatile
Non-volatile
Mineral acid
Mineral alkali

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5
Q

Suddenly increases in intensity of action after gradual addition

Corrosive
True
Cumulative

A

Cumulative

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6
Q

Examples of Inorganic Poisons:

A

Volatile
Non-volatile
Mineral acid
Mineral alkali

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7
Q

Examples of Organic Poisons:

A

Volatile
Alkaloids
Animal poison
Bacterial
Organic poison
Glycoside

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8
Q

Highly irritant that produces local destruction of tissues, and characterized by N/V and great local distress

Corrosives
Neurotics
Carcinogenics
Asphyxiants
Lacrimators

A

Corrosives

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9
Q

stimulate growth of cancer cells

Asphyxiants
Lacrimators
Corrosives
Neurotics
Carcinogenics

A

Carcinogenics

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10
Q

act chiefly on the CNS

Lacrimators
Corrosives
Asphyxiants
Neurotics
Carcinogenics

A

Neurotics

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11
Q

gases that cause hypoxia

Asphyxiants
Neurotics
Carcinogenics
Lacrimators
Corrosives

A

Asphyxiants

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12
Q

stimulates tears

Asphyxiants
Neurotics
Carcinogenics
Lacrimators
Corrosives

A

Lacrimators

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13
Q

produces irritation or inflammation of the mucus membrane and characterized by vomiting & abdominal pain.

A

Irritants

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14
Q

Causes sneezing

Sternutators
Narcotics
Tetanics
Anesthetic

A

Sternutators

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15
Q

muscle weakness

Sternutators
Asthenics or Exhaustives
Narcotics
Tetanics

A

Asthenics or Exhaustives

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16
Q

mental weakness/depression

Sternutators
Asthenics or Exhaustives
Narcotics
Tetanics

A

Narcotics

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17
Q

spasmodic and continuous muscle contraction

Narcotics
Tetanics
Anesthetic
Depressant or Sedative

A

Tetanics

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18
Q

pain insensitivity

Narcotics
Tetanics
Anesthetic
Depressant or Sedative

A

Anesthetic

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19
Q

retard or depress the physiological action of an organ:

Tetanics
Anesthetic
Depressant or Sedative
Narcotics

A

Depressant or Sedative

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20
Q

provoke an immune response

Mutagenesis
Teratogenesis
Sensitization
Inflammatory Effects

A

Sensitization

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21
Q

fetal damage

Mutagenesis
Teratogenesis
Sensitization
Inflammatory Effects

A

Teratogenesis

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22
Q

Inherited by DNA damage

Mutagenesis
Teratogenesis
Sensitization
Organ damage

A

Mutagenesis

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23
Q

Required to be provided by chemical manufacturers, distributors, or importers for hazardous chemicals.

A

Material Safety Data Sheet

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24
Q

Section 1 Identification: identifies the chemicals on the SDS and recommended uses. It also provides contact information for the supplier. Information required in this section includes:

  • The product identifier used on the label and any common names or synonyms which the substance is known.
  • Name, address, phone number of manufacturer, importer, or other responsible party, and emergency phone number.
  • Recommended use of the chemical (such as a brief description of what it does) and any restrictions on use.

T/F

A

TRUE

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25
Q

Section 3 Composition/information on ingredients: identifies the hazards of the chemical and the appropriate warning information associated with the hazards. Information required in this section includes:

  • The hazard classification of the chemical.
  • Signal word.
  • Hazard statement(s).
  • Pictograms.
  • Precautionary statement(s).
  • Description of any hazard not otherwise classified.
  • For a mixture that contains an ingredient(s) with unknown toxicity, a statement describing how much (percentage) of the mixture consists of ingredient(s) with unknown toxicity. Note that this is a total percentage of the mixture and not tied to the individual ingredient(s).

T/F

A

FALSE - Section 2 Hazard(s) Identification

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26
Q

Section 5 Fire-Fighting Measures: identifies the ingredient(s) contained in the product identified on the SDS including impurities and stabilizers. This section includes information on substances, mixtures, and all chemicals where a trade secret is claimed. Information required in this section includes:

Substances
* Chemical name.
* Common name and/or synonyms.
* Chemical Abstract Service (CAS) number and other unique identifiers.
* Impurities and stabilizing additives, which are themselves classified and which contribute to the classification of the chemical.

Mixtures
* Same information as required for substances.
* The chemical name and concentration
* Present above their cut-off/concentration limit, or
* Present a health risk below the cut-off/concentration limit.
* A trade secret,
* There is batch-to-batch variation, or
* The SDS is used for a group of substantially similar mixtures.

Chemicals where a trade secret is claimed
* A statement that the specific chemical identity and/or exact percentage (concentration) of composition has been withheld as a trade secret is required.

T/F

A

FALSE - Section 3 Composition/Information on Ingredients

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27
Q

Section 4 FIrst-Aid Measures: describes initial care that should be provided by untrained responders to an individual who has been exposed to the chemical. Information required in this section includes:

  • Necessary first-aid instructions by relevant routes of exposure (inhalation, skin and eye contact, and ingestion).
  • Description of the most important symptoms or effects, and any symptoms tha are acute or delayed.
  • Recommendations for immediate medical care and special treatment needs when necessary.

T/F

A

TRUE

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28
Q

Section 5 Fire-Fighting Measures: provides recommendations for fighting a fire caused by the chemical. Information required in this section includes:

  • Recommendations of suitable extinguishing equipment, and information about extinguishing equipment that is not appropriate for a particular situation.
  • Advice on specific hazards that develop from the chemical during a fire, such as any hazardous byproducts created when the chemical burns.
  • Recommendations of special protective equipment or precautions for firefighters.

T/F

A

TRUE

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29
Q

Section 6 Accidental Release Measures: provides recommendations on the appropriate response to spills, leaks, or releases, including containment and clean up practices to prevent or minimize exposure to people, properties, and/or the environment. It may also include recommendations distinguishing between responses for large and small spills where the spill volume has a significant impact on the hazard. Information required in this section includes:

  • Use of personal precautions
  • Emergency procedures
  • Methods and materials used for containment (e.g., cover drains and capping procedures).
  • Clean up procedures (e.g., appropriate neutralization techniques, decontamination, cleaning or vacuuming, adsorbent materials, and/or equipment required for containment/clean up).

T/F

A

TRUE

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30
Q

Section 8 Exposure Control/Personal Protection: provides guidance on safe handling practices and conditions for safe storage. Information required in this section includes:

  • Precautions for safe handling, including recommendations for handling incompatible chemicals, minimizing release into the environment, and providing advice on general hygiene practices (e.g., eating, drinking, and smoking in work areas prohibited).
  • Recommendations on the conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities. Provide advice on specific storage requirements (e.g., ventilation).

T/F

A

FALSE - Section 7 Handling and Storage

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31
Q

Section 7 Handling and Storage: indicates the exposure limits, engineering controls, and personal protective measures that can be used to minimize exposures.

T/F

A

FALSE - Section 8 Exposure Controls/Personal Protection

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32
Q

Section 9 Physical and Chemical Properties: identifies physical and chemical properties associated with the substance or mixture. The minimum required information required in this section includes:

  • Appearance (physical state, color, etc.), Odor, Odor threshold, pH, Melting/freezing point, Initial boiling point and boiling range, Flash point, Evaporation Rate, Flammability (solid, gas), Upper/lower flammability/explosive limits, Vapor pressure, Vapor density, Relative density, Solubility(ies), Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water, Auto-ignition temperature, Decomposition temperature, Viscosity

T/F

A

TRUE

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33
Q

Section 10 Stability and Reactivity: describes the reactivity hazards of the chemical and chemical stability. This section is divided into three sections; reactivity, chemical stability, and other.

T/F

A

TRUE

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34
Q

Section 11 Ecological Information: provides toxicological and health effects information or indicates that such data are not available

T/F

A

FALSE - Section 11 Toxicological Information

35
Q

Section 12 Ecological Information: provides information to evaluate the environmental impact of the chemical(s) if it were released to the environment. Information in this section may include:

T/F

A

TRUE

36
Q

Section 13 Disposal Considerations: provides guidance on proper disposal practices, recycling or reclamation of the chemical(s) or its container, and safe handling practices. To minimize exposure this section should also refer the reader to Section 8, Exposure Controls/Personal Protection. Information in this section may include:

  • Description of appropriate disposal containers to use.
  • Recommendations of appropriate disposal methods to employ.
  • Description of the physical and chemical properties that may affect disposal activities.
  • Language discouraging sewage disposal.
  • Any special precautions for landfills of incineration activities.
A

TRUE

37
Q

Section 14 Transport Information: provides guidance on classification information for shipping and transporting of hazardous chemical(s) by road, air, rail, or sea.

T/F

A

TRUE

38
Q

Section 15 Regulatory Information: identifies the safety, health, and environmental regulations specific for the product that is not indicated anywhere else on the SDS. Information in this section may include:

  • Any national and/or regional regulatory information of the chemical or mixtures (including any OSHA, Department of Transportation, Environmental Protection Agency, or Consumer Product Safety Commission regulations).

T/F

A

TRUE

39
Q

Section 16 Other Information: indicates when the SDS was prepared or when the last known revision was made. The SDS may also state where the changes have been made to the previous version. You may wish to contact the supplier for an explanation of the changes. Other useful information may also be included in Section 16.

T/F

A

TRUE

40
Q

a clinical toxicity secondary to accidental exposure

A

Poisoning

41
Q

prompt and there is marked disturbances of function or death within a short period of time.

Acute
Chronic
Cumulative

A

Acute

42
Q

suddenly increases in its intensity of action when a certain limit is reached

Acute
Chronic
Cumulative

A

Cumulative

43
Q

gradual and there is progressive deterioration of the functioning of tissues

Acute
Chronic
Cumulative

A

Chronic

44
Q

The poison was taken w/o intention to cause death

ACCIDENTAL
SUICIDAL
HOMICIDAL
UNDETERMINED

A

ACCIDENTAL

45
Q

The history is hazy as to how the poison was obtained and why it was administered

ACCIDENTAL
SUICIDAL
HOMICIDAL
UNDETERMINED

A

UNDETERMINED

46
Q

was taken by the victim voluntarily for the purpose of taking his own life

ACCIDENTAL
SUICIDAL
HOMICIDAL
UNDETERMINED

A

SUICIDAL

47
Q

the poison was given willfully and e/ intent to cause death to the victim

ACCIDENTAL
SUICIDAL
HOMICIDAL
UNDETERMINED

A

HOMICIDAL

48
Q

deduced from various events or facts

Circumstantial or Moral
Symptomatic
Chemical
Post mortem or Autopsy
Experimental

A

Circumstantial or Moral

49
Q

administering the suspected substance to a living animal and noting the effect or symptoms

Circumstantial or Moral
Symptomatic
Chemical
Post mortem or Autopsy
Experimental

A

Experimental

50
Q

Poisoning signs & symptoms are observed; inconclusive

Circumstantial or Moral
Symptomatic
Chemical
Post mortem or Autopsy
Experimental

A

Symptomatic

51
Q

gathered from an examination of tissues and organs after death

Circumstantial or Moral
Symptomatic
Chemical
Post mortem or Autopsy
Experimental

A

Post mortem or Autopsy

52
Q

detection of suspected substances via chemical analysis of samples of body fluids collected; not reliable as the poison may have decomposed or exchanged.

Circumstantial or Moral
Symptomatic
Chemical
Post mortem or Autopsy
Experimental

A

Chemical

53
Q

T/F

Effects produced by a compound in laboratory animals, when properly qualified, are inapplicable to humans

A

FALSE

54
Q

T/F

Exposure of experimental animals to toxic agents in high doses is a necessary and valid method of discovering possible hazards in humans because the incidence of an effect in a population in greater as the dose oxposure increases.

A

TRUE

55
Q

first toxicity test performed on a new chemical

Acute Toxicity testing
Chronic Toxicity testing
Cumulative toxicity testing

A

Acute Toxicity testing

56
Q

this is essential for characterizing the toxic effects of chemicals and their hazards to humans

A

Acute lethality studies

57
Q

repeated administration typically for 14 days

A

subacute (Repeated-dose Study)

58
Q

repeated administration typically for 6 mos. to 2 yrs.

A

Chronic

59
Q

repeated administration typically for 90 days

A

Subchronic

60
Q

a unique forum where the governments of 37 democracies with market-based economies collaborate to develop policy standards to promote sustainable economic growth.

A

The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)

61
Q

unique tool for assessing the potential effects of chemicals on health and the environment

A

OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals

62
Q

OECD Section 1:

A

Physical-Chemical properties

63
Q

OECD Section 2:

A

Effects on Biotic Systems

64
Q

OECD Section 4:

A

Health Effects

65
Q

OECD Section 3:

A

Environmental fate and behavior

66
Q

OECD Section 5:

A

Other Test Guidelines

67
Q

transforming the percentage killed into a probability unit (probit).

Probit Analysis
CAM Assay
Brine Shrimp Assay
Draize Eye Irritation Test

A

Probit Analysis

68
Q

used for the exposure concentration of a toxic substance lethal to half of the test animals.

A

LC50

69
Q

the dose of a test substance that is lethal for 50% of the animals in a dose group.

A

median lethal dose (or LD50)

70
Q

a robust technique that can be used to monitor invasion of ovarian cancer cell lines and to assess the role of novel molecules and potential therapeutic targets

Probit Analysis
CAM Assay
Brine Shrimp Assay
Draize Eye Irritation Test

A

CAM Assay - Chorioallantoic Membrane Assay

71
Q

simple, low cost, high throughput cytotoxicity test of bioactive chemicals, based on killing ability of test compound on Artemia salina

Probit Analysis
CAM Assay
Brine Shrimp Assay
Draize Eye Irritation Test

A

Brine Shrimp Assay

72
Q

evaluation of toxicity on human skin conducted w/ albino rabbits

CAM Assay
Draize Acute Skin Irritation Test
Brine Shrimp Assay
Draize Eye Irritation Test

A

Draize Acute Skin Irritation Test

73
Q

directly inject test substance into conjunctival sac of albino rabbit

CAM Assay
Draize Acute Skin Irritation Test
Brine Shrimp Assay
Draize Eye Irritation Test

A

Draize Eye Irritation Test

74
Q

chemical to be tested is applied in a single dose to the skin of a healthy young adult rabbits

Acute Dermal Irritation/Corrosion
Draize Acute Skin Irritation Test
Brine Shrimp Assay
Draize Eye Irritation Test

A

OECD 404 Acute Dermal Irritation/Corrosion

75
Q

addresses the human health endpoint skin corrosion based on the rat skin TER test method, which utilizes skin discs to identify corrosives by their ability to produce a loss of normal stratum corneum integrity and barrier function.

Acute Dermal Irritation/Corrosion
Draize Acute Skin Irritation Test
In Vitro Skin Corrosion: Transcutaneous Electrical Resistance (TER) Test Method
Draize Eye Irritation Test

A

OECD 430 In Vitro Skin Corrosion: Transcutaneous Electrical Resistance (TER) Test Method

76
Q

utilizes an artificial membrane designed to respond to corrosive chemicals in a manner similar to animal skin in situ.

Acute Dermal Irritation/Corrosion
Draize Acute Skin Irritation Test
In Vitro Skin Corrosion: Transcutaneous Electrical Resistance (TER) Test Method
In Vitro Membrane Barrier Test Method for Skin Corrosion

A

435 In Vitro Membrane Barrier Test Method for Skin Corrosion

77
Q

test chemical is applied topically to a three-dimensional RhE model. Irritant chemicals are identified by their ability to decrease cell viability below the defined threshold levels.

In Vitro Skin Corrosion: Transcutaneous Electrical Resistance (TER) Test Method
In Vitro Membrane Barrier Test Method for Skin Corrosion
In Vitro Skin Irritation: Reconstructed Human Epidermis Test Methods

A

No. 439 In Vitro Skin Irritation: Reconstructed Human Epidermis Test Methods

78
Q

both male and/or female healthy young adult animals can be used, At least 10 animals in the treatment group and 5 in the control group

A

406: Skin Sensitisation Guinea Pig Maximisation Test and Buehler Test

79
Q

Minimum of 20 animals is used in the treatment group and at least 10 animals in the control group

A

Buehler test

80
Q

In vivo method, mouse is the species of choice, young female mice of CBA/Ca or CBA/J strain

A

OECD GUIDELINE 429: Skin Sensitisation: Local Lymph Node Assay

81
Q

in vivo method, non-radioactive variation of the LLNA method; used to detect potential skinsensitizing test chemicals and measure the lymphocyte proliferation they cause in the auricular lymph nodes.

A

OECD GUIDELINE 442 A: Skin Sensitisation: Local Lymph Node Assay

82
Q

modified nonradioactive LLNA method.

A

OECD GUIDELINE 442 B: Local Lymph Node Assay: Brdu (5-BROMO-2-DEOXYURIDINE) ENZYME–LINKED-IMMUNOSORBENT (ELISA)

83
Q

addressing the Adverse Outcome Pathway key event on covalent binding to proteins

A

OECD GUIDELINE 442 C: In Chemico Skin Sensitisation Assays

84
Q

an in vitro procedure (the ARE-Nrf2 luciferase test method) used for supporting the discrimination between skin sensitisers and non-sensitisers in accordance with the UN GHS

OECD GUIDELINE 442 D: In Vitro Skin Sensitisation: ARENrf2 Luciferase Test Method

A

OECD GUIDELINE 442 D: In Vitro Skin Sensitisation: ARENrf2 Luciferase Test Method

Toxicology (10 decks)

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