biology lab ii exam

Question 1

phylogenetic trees

Answer 1

illustrates evolutionary relationship between organisms

Question 2

taxa

Answer 2

species, family, class

Question 3

root

Answer 3

the most common ancestor

Question 4

node

Answer 4

illustrates divergence from a common ancestor (speciation occurs where node is located)

Question 5

sister taxa

Answer 5

groups that are more closely related to eachother than either is to another group

Question 6

monophyletic

Answer 6

common ancestor and all of its descendants (to know how many groups just count the number of nodes)

Question 7

outgroup

Answer 7

1 or more species included to provide the direction of nodes of phylogenic study

Question 8

paraphyletic

Answer 8

includes some but not all descendants of a common ancestor

Question 9

parsimony

Answer 9

the most likely phylogeny is the simplest one with the least evolutionary change

Question 10

homologous

Answer 10

present in common ancestor ( inherited)

Question 11

analagous

Answer 11

evolved independently (similar enviornmental pressures)

Question 12

apomorphy

Answer 12

derived trait or character that is unique to a group

Question 13

synamorphy

Answer 13

derived that an entire clade has a particular trait

Question 14

pleisiomorphy

Answer 14

ancestral trait that a taxon retains throughout evolution

Question 15

homoplasy

Answer 15

character state that is shared by atleast two organisms but is not found in the common ancestor

Question 16

clade

Answer 16

an ancestor and all of its descendants

Question 17

otu(tip)

Answer 17

species, individual, or entity that is being studied

Question 18

ingroup

Answer 18

the subgroup of the interesting study