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LAIMedicine - Smith > Chapter 3 - Pain > Flashcards

Chapter 3 - Pain Flashcards

1
Q

What are considered the most painful conditions in cattle?

A
  1. C-section
  2. Claw (pezuña) amputation
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2
Q

Meaning of sensation + perception…

A

Pain

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3
Q

Meaning of proprioception?

A

Sensation of lower level neurologic and biochemical components

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4
Q

3 functions of nociception

A
  1. Warning of damage
  2. Predicting tissue damage
  3. Warning of specific dangers
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5
Q

Who receives the sensory information related to pain?

A

Nociceptors in the tissues

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6
Q

Which mechanisms modulate nociceptor stimuli?

A

Spinal and Supra-spinal

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7
Q

Which are the two main responses after nociceptor stimuli?

A

Acute: Withdrawal stimuli
More complex: Aggression or escape

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8
Q

Meaning of allodynia?

A

Pain resulting for an innocuous stimuli

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9
Q

How can you assess nociception in animals?

A

Nociceptive threshold tests

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10
Q

Mention the most common nociceptive threshold tests? (4)

A
  1. Frey filaments: reaction to pressure
  2. Hargreaves: thermoreceptors
  3. Pressure allometry: painsensitivity in a sole ulcer lesion
  4. CO2 laser thermal stimulator: 45-55 C x 20 sec
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11
Q

Pharmacologic interventions to treat pain (5)?

A
  1. Local anaesthetics
  2. NSAIDs
  3. Opioids
  4. alpha 2 - agonist
  5. NMDA agonist receptors
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12
Q

Pharmacologic interventions to treat pain (5)?

A
  1. Local anaesthetics
  2. NSAIDs
  3. Opioids
  4. alpha 2 - agonist
  5. NMDA agonist receptors º
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13
Q

Only analgesic approved for use in food animal?

A

Flunixin

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14
Q

When does the use of extra label drug use (ELDU) is allowed?

A
  1. Supervision of a vet
  2. FDA approved in animals and humans
  3. Animals health is threatened
  4. Food destination - prohibited
  5. If volatile drug residue - prohibited
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15
Q

Describe nociceptive pathway: T-T-M-P-P

A

Transduction
Transmission
Modulation
Projection
Perception

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16
Q

MOA: Local anaesthetics

A

Enter and block Na+ channels of nerve cells. Prevent generation and propagation of nerve impulses

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17
Q

Local anaesthetics have better effect on unmylinated of myelinated fibers?

A

Unmyelinated

18
Q

Why does local anaesthetics don’t work well in acidic environments?

A

Because they are weak bases and need alkaline environments

19
Q

What can you use to potentiate effect of local anesthetics?

A

Magnesium sulfate
Sodium bicarbonate
+- Ethanol

20
Q

How does magnesium sulfate helps local anesthetics?

A

Acts as a NMDA antagonist
Inhibit calcium influx into the cell

21
Q

How does bicarb helps local anesthesics?

A

Reduces pain infiltration, acts faster but it might last less

22
Q

How does ethanol improves local anesthetics ?

A

It demyelinates fibers, but you may need other injection for complete desensitisation

23
Q

Prostaglandins interact with ______, _____, ______, and _____, in inflammation

A

Substance P
Histamine
Calcitonin gene related peptide
Bradykinin

24
Q

In the spinal cord, ______ is responsible for increased excitability of the dorsal root ganglia.

A

PGE2

25
Q

Oral bioability of oral flunixin meglumine

A

60%

26
Q

Topical bioability of flunixin in cattle

A

45%

27
Q

Rare but reported adverse effects of phenylbutazone administration. Reason why in humans is not used

A

Aplastic anemia
Leukopenias
Agranulocytosis
Thrombocytopenia

28
Q

Half-life of Ketoprofen

A

0.45 h - 27 minutes

29
Q

Examples of salicylic acid derivates

A

Aspirin and Sodium salicylate

30
Q

In cattle why the half life of salicylic acid derivates is longer than iv?

A

Because it stays in the rumen, acts as a reservoir. It has slow absorption but limited distribution

31
Q

Can we use Carprofen?

A

No, there is no approved formulations in USA

32
Q

Half life of Meloxicam

A

27.5 h - good for long lasting analgesia

33
Q

Where does opioids have main effect?

A

Spinal and supra spinal cord

34
Q

Which receptors does opioids bind?

A

Mu
Kappa
Sigma

35
Q

MOA: Opioids

A

Decreases propagation of nociceptive signals by activating receptor linked potassium channels and inhibiting calcium channels

36
Q

Which opioid receptor is associated with more adverse effects?

A

The ones with more Mu receptors attachment

37
Q

Which opioid receptors has less adverse effects?

A

Kappa

38
Q

MOA of alpha-2-adrenergic agonist

A

Inhibits positive feedback of norepinephrine release from presynaptic nerve endings by reducing Ca conductance

39
Q

MOA of NMDA receptor antagonist (analgesia)

A

Bind to Mu and Kappa opioid receptors

40
Q

MOA of gabapentin (GABA analog)

A

Bind to a subunit of voltage gated calcium channel to decrease excitatory transmission

LAIMedicine - Smith (3 decks)

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