Lecture 6 (eukaryotes)

Question 1

List the 5 supergroups

Answer 1

Opisthokonts, Amoebazoans, Archaeplastids, SAR, Excavates

Question 2

What is the function of the Nucleus and Nucleolus?

Answer 2

The nucleus is surrounded by a double membrane. It contains chromatin (protein + DNA). The outer membrane connects to the ER membrane. The nucleolus is involved with protein synthesis.

Question 3

What is the function of the Endoplasmic Reticulum?

Answer 3

The ER is where proteins and lipids are synthesized. The smooth ER lacks ribosomes and is where lipids are synthesized. The rough ER has many ribosomes and is where proteins are synthesized.

Question 4

What is the function of the Golgi Complex?

Answer 4

The Golgi complex transports, sorts, and modifies proteins within the cell.

Question 5

What is the function of mitochondria?

Answer 5

Mitochondria contain their own DNA, two membranes, and they produce ATP

Question 6

What is the function of chloroplasts?

Answer 6

Chloroplasts are where photosynthesis takes place. They have their own DNA. They produce glucose.

Question 7

Define undulipodia

Answer 7

The flagella and cilia of eukaryotes that have a completely different evolutionary origin from those of prokaryotes (analogous). Not an organelle

Question 8

Define plasmogamy

Answer 8

cell fusion - from a haploid state to a dikaryotic state.

Question 9

Define karyogamy

Answer 9

nuclear fusion - from a dikaryotic state to a diploid state

Question 10

Define dikaryotic

Answer 10

Sperm and egg fuse and two copies of chromosomes exist separately. One cell - two nuclei. Sexual reproducing organisms have a brief dikaryotic stage after plasmogamy.

Question 11

Explain endosymbiotic theory

Answer 11

Early eukaryotes and their ability to carry out phagocytosis caused them to consume bacteria at some point. Mitochondria came from proteobacteria and chloroplasts came from cyanobacteria.

Question 12

List evidence for the origin of mitochondria

Answer 12

• Two membranes - one from proteobacteria and one -from the food vacuole formed from phagocytosis
• They contain their own prokaryotic DNA

Question 13

What is secondary simplification?

Answer 13

Cells have evolved to lose something they don’t need.

Question 14

List evidence for the origin of chloroplasts

Answer 14

• They have their own prokaryotic DNA
• chlorophyll pigments in secondary and tertiary chloroplasts show similarity to origin
• primary chloroplasts have 2 membranes, secondary have 3. Tertiary have 4
• Nucleomorph - remnant nucleus of engulfed eukaryotes

Question 15

What is primary endosymbiosis?

Answer 15

Eukaryotes took in bacteria by phagocytosis and over time, bacteria becomes an organelle within cell.

Question 16

Cells most likely already had ________ when _________ arrived.

Answer 16

mitochondria, chloroplasts

Question 17

What is serial endosymbiosis?

Answer 17

Primary algae were engulfed by eukaryotic cells and became secondary algae