Unit 2 - Pharmacology Guiding Questions ch. 28

Question 1

Primary endocrine glands

Answer 1

hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, pancreas, adrenal, and gonads

Question 2

hypothalamus hormones and releasing factors

Answer 2

-growth hormone - releasing hormone (↑ GH release)
-growth hormone - inhibitory hormone (↓ GH release)
-gonadotropin - releasing hormone (↑ LH and FSH release)
-thyrotropin - releasing hormone (↑ TSH release)
-corticotropin - releasing hormone (↑ ACTH release)
-prolactin - inhibitory factor (↓ Pr release)

Question 3

pituitary hormones

Answer 3

(Anterior lobe)
-growth hormone (↑ tissue growth and development)
-luteinizing hormone (female: ↑ ovulation; ↑ estrogen and progesterone synthesis from corpus luteum) (Male: ↑ testosterone synthesis)
-follicle - stimulating hormone (Female: ↑ follicular development and estrogen synthesis) (Male: enhance spermatogenesis)
-thyroid - stimulating hormone (↑ synthesis of thyroid hormones)
-adrenocorticotropic hormone (↑ adrenal steroid synthesis)
-prolactin (initiates lactation)
(Posterior lobe)
-antidiuretic hormone (↑ renal reabsorption of water)
-oxytocin (↑ uterine contraction; ↑ milk ejection during lactation)

Question 4

thyroid hormones

Answer 4

-thyroxine
-triiodothyronine
(Increase cellular metabolism; facilitate normal growth and development)

Question 5

parathyroid hormones

Answer 5

-parathormone
(Increase blood calcium)

Question 6

pancreas hormones

Answer 6

-glucagon
(Increase blood glucose)
-insulin
(Decrease blood glucose; increase carbohydrate, protein and fat storage)

Question 7

adrenal cortex hormones

Answer 7

-glucocorticoids
(Regulate glucose metabolism; enhance response to stress)
-mineralocorticoids
(Regulate fluid and electrolyte levels)

Question 8

adrenal medulla hormones

Answer 8

-epinephrine
-norepinephrine
(Vascular and metabolic effects that facilitate increased physical activity

Question 9

testes hormones

Answer 9

-testosterone
(Spermatogenesis; male sexual characteristics)

Question 10

ovaries hormones

Answer 10

-estrogens
-progesterone
(Female reproductive cycle and sexual characteristics)

Question 11

hormone categories

Answer 11

steroid hormones (chemical framework derived from lipids)
peptide hormones (amino acids linked together in a specific sequence)

Question 12

extrinsic factors

Answer 12

environmental stimuli such as pain, temperature, light, and smell

Question 13

intrinsic factors

Answer 13

humoral and neural factors (levels of ions and metabolites)

Question 14

negative feedback system

Answer 14

an increase in the release of a specific hormone ultimately serves to inhibit its own release, preventing the amount of the released hormone from being excessive.

Question 15

positive feedback system

Answer 15

rising concentrations of one hormone cause an increase in other hormones. (Menstrual cycle)

Question 16

locations of hormone receptors

Answer 16

surface of the plasma membrane, within the cytosol, and on the chromatin within the cell nucleus

Question 17

issues with hormone substitution/replacement

Answer 17

difficulty with regulation of optimal dosage, the interaction of the exogenous drug with other endogenous hormone systems, and drug-induced side effects

Question 18

treatment of hyperactive or inappropriate endocrine function

Answer 18

-pts take drugs that directly inhibit the synthesis of the hormone or inhibit its release through various negative feedback mechanisms
-pts may use hormone antagonists for prolonged periods to attenuate the effects of excessive hormone production

Question 19

exploitation of beneficial hormone example

Answer 19

glucocorticoids to treat inflammation

Question 20

why can administration of exogenous hormones affect the normal release of hormones

Answer 20

because of the intrinsic control mechanisms in the endocrine system

Question 21

example of using hormone in nonendocrine disease

Answer 21

glucocorticoids to treat cancer
drugs to block cardiac beta-1 receptors helping to control angina and hypertension