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Health Psychology > Health Behaviors > Flashcards

Health Behaviors Flashcards

1
Q

What are health behaviors?

A

They are taken to enhance or maintain health. Ex: eating breakfast every day is a predictor of longterm health

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2
Q

Health Promotion

A

A perspective that approaches good health and well-being from both a personal and collective vantage point

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3
Q

What influences health behaviors?

A

Age, cultural/personal values, locus of control, social influence (inspiration, bullying, family members’ influence), perceived symptoms, access, knowledge and education,

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4
Q

Who are the target populations of health behavior promotional messages?

A

Children and adolescents (impressionable), at-risk populations, and adults (to provide best chances of longevity)

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5
Q

Health psychologists’ methods to promote attitude change

A

Education, fear appeals, positive or negative framing

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6
Q

Describe the considerations required when utilizing negative approaches to persuasion

A

Persuasive messages that use negativity (“don’t be like this”) must evoke just enough fear; not so much or so little that it is unrealistic or commical. Also, it is critical for a solution to the presented problem to be presented, so that people know what they are being persuaded to do.

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7
Q

Classical conditioning

A

Pairing a desired behavior with an initially neutral stimulus repeatedly so that the stimulus eventually triggers the behavior

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8
Q

Aversive conditioning

A

Ex of classical conditioning. Association of an undesirable health behavior with an unpleasant stimuli. Often proposed by health psychologists to help end a client’s undesirable behavior

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9
Q

Operant conditioning

A

Promoting a behavior with rewards or discouraging a behavior with punishment

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10
Q

Observational learning

A

Bandura’s Bobo Doll experiment. Mode of learning that results from watching

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11
Q

Modeling and Mimcking

A

Basis of observational learning. The person demonstrating a behavior is modeling and the person learning/copying is mimicking

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12
Q

Are violent video games unhealthy?

A

Evidence shows that they promote aggression and violence, but only in the short-term (1-2 hours after playing).

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13
Q

U-shaped curve of health behaviors vs. age

A

A person practices the most health behaviors when young and when old. They practice the least when in their middle stage of life

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14
Q

Self-Determination Theory

A

Three factors lead to motivation for behavior-change: self-autonomy, competence, and relatedness

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15
Q

Health-Belief Model

A

One’s perceived risk surrounding their current unhealthy behavior and the perceived benefits of the possible behavior change drive their motivation to make said behavior change

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16
Q

Theory of Planned Behavior

A

States that an individual makes a plan (or formulates an intention) based on three factors: attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control

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17
Q

Intention-Implementation Model

A

Consists of two broad phases: motivational and volitional; or four more specific steps:

  1. Goal intention (deliberation)
  2. Implementation intention (action planning)
  3. Entrepreneurial action (action)
  4. Evaluation
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18
Q

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

A

Uses principles from learning theories to modify beliefs and behaviors of undesirable health habits

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19
Q

Self-monitoring

A

Starts with identifying target behavior, then requires journaling/noting what specific stimuli trigger said behavior

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20
Q

Stimulus control

A

Removal of stimuli that trigger the target poor behavior and replace it with reinforcements for desired habit

21
Q

Self-control of behaviors

A

Involves the client as a “co-therapist,” provide them with tools to deal with triggering situations and practice cognitive restructuring. May involve reinforcement schedules

22
Q

Social skills and relaxation training

A

Deep breathing and other relaxing methods to help clients deal with anxiety or other affective reactions

23
Q

Motivational interviewing

A

Client-focused method of CBT. Engages with client in a straightforward manner

24
Q

Relapse prevention

A

Provides tools to clients to navigate relapses into their poor health habit (which is more likely to happen at some point than not). Will almost certainly involve LIFESTYLE REBALANCING

25
Q

Transtheoretical Model Stages of Change

A
  1. Pre-contemplation: sees no issue
  2. Contemplation: realizing problem, will act within the next 6 mos.
  3. Preparation: preparing to act within next month
  4. Action: starting the plan of change, working to establish new habit
  5. Maintenance: habit has been established, working to continue it
  6. Termination: people have no desire to return to their unhealthy bhvr.

NOTE: this path is not linear

26
Q

Name several predictors of regular exercise

A

Positive attitude on physical activity, self-efficacy, extraversion, social support, enjoyment, accessability, physical activity safety, prior phys activity

27
Q

Recommended amount of exercise

A

At least 150 min per week, including at least 2 days of muscle strengthening exercise

28
Q

Number 1 Cause of Death among children/adolescents

A

Motor accidents

29
Q

Why do some people avoid health screenings/preventative medicine?

A

Fear (of vaccines), stigma, inconvenience, discomfort, ignorance, pride (being a “tough guy”), anxiety/fear over a positive result,

30
Q

Hormonal impact of exercise

A

Increase in serotonin (boosts self-efficacy!)

31
Q

Belgium’s Food Pyramid

A

Drink mostly water, then from greatest to smallest: fruits and veggies, whole grains, lean protein, fattier meat and dairy. As little as possible: sweets and fried foods

32
Q

Trends among effective diets

A

Includes calorie deficit and removal of processed foods

33
Q

Predictors of unhealthy diet

A

STRESS, preference for red meat, lack of awareness, lack of access to healthy options, preception of “no time to eat healthy”

34
Q

T/F: Sleep has an impact on one’s response to intra-muslcular vaccines

A

True

35
Q

Recommended nightly total sleep for young adults

A

7-9 hours

36
Q

Obesity increase one’s risk of…

A

Cancer, diabetes, complications during surgery, all cause and early mortality, psychological distress, heart disease

37
Q

Set-point theory

A

Each individual has an optimal weight, which is hard to modify when it has been achieved. Shortcoming: does not explain the “Freshman 15”

38
Q

Anorexia and Predictors

A

Characterized by distorted body image, unwarranted fear of being overweight, maintaining below-healthy BW through restrictive diet, extreme exercise, and diuretics/laxatives.

Predictors: eating and weight concerns, family hx of anorexia, obesity, substance abuse, perfectionism, OCD, low self-esteem

39
Q

Bulimia

A

Marked by binging and purging (forced vomitting). Often involves social isolation, refusing to eat in front of others, intense fear of weight gain

40
Q

Binge-eating disorder

A

Frequently consuming unusually large amounts of food in one sitting and feeling like they are unable to control this behavior

41
Q

Poor health outcomes linked to alcoholism

A

Liver disease, cirrhosis of the liver, cancer, brain atrophy, mortality

42
Q

Physical and psychological dependence on alcohol

A

Present in alcoholism.

Physical: body’s tissues do not function “normally” without alcohol present

Psych: cognitive reliance on the substance to the point that it is required for stability, well-being, and decreased anxiety.

43
Q

Disease model of addiction

A

Emphasizes genetic predisposition, faulty upbringing, environmental stress, and exposure as contributors to addiction

44
Q

Adaptation model of addiction

A

Seemingly blames the addict for failure of their maturity, leading to “search and choice” of adaptation mechanisms, which can result in a variety of harmful addictions

45
Q

Risk-enhancers of picking up smoking

A

Adolescent age, having family members/parents that smoke, low SES,

46
Q

Smoking Interventions

A

Nicotine replacement therapy, CBT - attitude change, support groups, replase prevention

47
Q

Describe the Disease Model of Addiction

A

The factors that contribute to one’s susceptibility to addiction are mainly a faulty upbringing and a genetic predisposition. Susceptibility, environmental stress, and exposure to the addictive substance lead to the disease of addiction. Consequences of addiction include: economicl dependence, family issues, depression, self-hate, aggression, selfishness

48
Q

Describe the Adaptation Model of Addiction

A

The factors that contribute to one’s

Health Psychology (10 decks)

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