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AP1 > Muscular > Flashcards

Muscular Flashcards

1
Q

3 types of muscle

A

-skeletal
-cardiac
-smooth

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2
Q

What do all muscles do?

A

Generate force

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3
Q

What 4 things do all muscles have in common?

A

1) excite (react to stimuli)
2) contract (shorten)
3) extend (stretch)
4) elastic (go back to original shape)

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4
Q

What are functions of skeletal muscle?

A

1) Maintain posture
2) stabilize joints
3) provide movement
4) generate heat

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5
Q

Are skeletal muscles voluntary or involuntary?

A

Voluntary

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6
Q

What do skeletal muscles attach to?

A

Bone or skin (face)

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7
Q

What is a muscle cell called?

A

Myocyte (fiber)

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8
Q

What is a fascicle?

A

Bundled muscle fibers (myocytes)

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9
Q

What covers fascicle?

A

Perimysium

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10
Q

What membrane covers groups of fascicles to form muscle belly

A

Epimysium

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11
Q

What membrane covers bundles of myocytes?

A

Endomysium

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12
Q

All connective tissue extends beyond the muscle belly to form what?

A

Tendons

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13
Q

What is a muscle origin

A

Attachment to non-moving bone

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14
Q

What is muscle insertion?

A

Tendon that attaches to bone that moves

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15
Q

3 features of a skeletal myocyte

A

1) Long cylinder
2) Multiple nuclei
3) striated

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16
Q

What is the myocyte membrane called

A

Sarcolemma

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17
Q

What is the cytoplasms of a myocyte

A

Sarcoplasm

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18
Q

What is sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum that stores calcium

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19
Q

What are T tubules?

A

Transverse tubules that run from the sarcolemma to center of muscle and transport ions

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20
Q

What are myofibrils?

A

Stacks of long fibers/filaments in sarcoplasm

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21
Q

What do myofibrils contain?

A

Actin and myosin

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22
Q

What are sarcomeres?

A

Short bundles of actin and myosin

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23
Q

True/False:
Each myocyte contains 100s of sarcomeres

A

True

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24
Q

What part of the brain controls muscle movement?

A

Primary motor cortex

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25
Q

What part of brain contains primary motor cortex?

A

Cerebral cortex

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26
Q

What starts a muscle contraction?

A

Action potential

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27
Q

Where is upper motor neuron

A

Brain and spinal cord

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28
Q

Where is lower motor neuron?

A

Anterior horn of spinal cord

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29
Q

Where does signal go after the lower motor neuron?

A

Down the axon

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30
Q

What are the branches of the axon called?

A

Axon terminals

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31
Q

What do axon terminals connect to?

A

Muscle fibrils

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32
Q

What is the place where axon terminals meet myofibrils called?

A

Neuro-muscular junction

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33
Q

Where one lower motor neuron branches at axon and meets multiple muscle fibers is called?

A

Single motor unit

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34
Q

On average, how many muscle fibers does one lower motor neuron innervate?

A

150

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35
Q

How many fibers does one lower motor neuron innervate for precise movement? Small motor unit

A

10-15

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36
Q

How many fibers does one lower motor neuron innervate for less precise movement? Large motor unit

A

<2000

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37
Q

4 features of cardiac muscle

A

1) striated
2) shorter than skeletal
3) 1-2 nuclei
4) involuntary

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38
Q

What is a cardiac muscle cell called?

A

Cardiomyocyte

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39
Q

What covers cardiomyocyte?

A

Endomysium (no perimysium or epimysium)

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40
Q

What structures do cardiomyocytes have?

A

1) t tubules
2) sarcomeres
3) sarcoplasmic reticulum

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41
Q

What binds cardiomyocytes to each other?

A

Intercalated disks.

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42
Q

What is function of intercalated disks?

A

1) anchor to keep cells together during contraction
2) gap junctions allow flow of ions between cardiomyocytes
3) allows heart to work as a unit

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43
Q

What are pacemaker cells?

A

They control cardiac muscle

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44
Q

Where are pacemaker cells found?

A

In heart muscle walls

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45
Q

How do pacemaker cells generate action potential?

A

Rapid shifts in ions through intercalated disks.

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46
Q

What do pacemaker cells demonstrate?

A

Automaticity (able to generate action potential)

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47
Q

What 2 things control pacemaker cells?

A

1) nerves
2) hormones

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48
Q

What shape are smooth muscle cells?

A

Spindle shaped (fusiform)

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49
Q

How many nuclei do smooth muscle cells have?

A

One

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50
Q

Does smooth muscle have actin and myosin?

A

Yes

51
Q

Does smooth muscle have sarcomeres?

A

No

52
Q

What membrane surrounds groups of smooth muscle cells?

A

Endomysium

53
Q

What does smooth muscle have instead of t-tubules?

A

Invaginations called caveolae

54
Q

Does smooth muscle have sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A

Yes, but less extensive than skeletal and cardiac

55
Q

What 3 things can trigger smooth muscle?

A

1) Nerves
2) hormones
3) local factors (muscle wall stretch)

56
Q

3 parts of neuromuscular junction

A

1) presynaptic membrane (axon terminal membrane)
2) postsynaptic membrane (muscle membrane)
3) synaptic cleft (gap between)

57
Q

Another name for post synaptic membrane?

A

Motor end plate

58
Q

What starts an action potential?

A

Sodium travels thru nerve and opens Voltage Gated Ca+ channels in axon

59
Q

How man ACH molecules bind to 1 nicotinic receptor?

A

2

60
Q

When ACH binds to nicotinic receptors, what happens?

A

Channels open in the post synaptic membrane and Na+ ions flood in to make it less negative (from -100 to -60)

61
Q

What is depolarization in muscle called?

A

End plate potential

62
Q

What is slow twitch muscle fiber?

A

Slow, oxidative

63
Q

2 subcategories of Fast Twitch muscle

A

1) fast oxidative
2) fast glycolitic

64
Q

What determines which type of fast twitch muscle is activated?

A

1) speed of contraction
2) metabolic pathways used to make ATP

65
Q

True/False: most muscles have both types of fibers?

A

True

66
Q

What does the myosin head contain?

A

ATPase

67
Q

What does the release of ATPase from the myosin head do?

A

Breaks ATP down into ADP+P which releases energy

68
Q

How does the release of energy from the breakdown of ATP affect myosin head?

A

Causes it to pop up and bind to G-Actin

69
Q

What happens when myosin head binds to g-actin?

A

Releases energy and catapults actin at binding site; creates “power stroke”

70
Q

What does a power stroke do?

A

Slides actin over myosin and causes a contraction

71
Q

What determines the speed of contraction?

A

How quickly ATPase enzyme breaks down ATP

72
Q

What kind of ATPase is in slow twitch muscle?

A

ATPase that hydrolyzes ATP slowly

73
Q

Does ATPase in fast twitch muscle hydrolyze ATP quickly or slowly?

A

Hydrolyzes ATP quickly

74
Q

What is the main source of ATP?

A

Glucose (stored as glycogen)

75
Q

What process stores glucose as glycogen in muscles?

A

Glycogenesis

76
Q

What is Glycogenolysis?

A

Breakdown of glycogen to glucose in muscle

77
Q

What process makes glucose into ATP?

A

Glycolysis

78
Q

What does glycolysis produce when it breaks down glucose?

A

2 ATP and 2 pyruvate

79
Q

What process does pyruvate go thru if mitochondria and oxygen are available?

A

Aerobic respiration

80
Q

What is pyruvate converted to during aerobic respiration?

A

Acetyl-COA

81
Q

What happens to acetyl-COA when it enters the mitochondria?

A

Makes NADH via “citric acid cycle”

82
Q

What process does NADH drive in the mitochondria?

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

83
Q

What does oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria yield?

A

38 ATP per glucose molecule

84
Q

What is anaerobic respiration?

A

Absence of oxygen and mitochondria

85
Q

What is another name for anaerobic respiration?

A

Anaerobic glycolysis

86
Q

What does anaerobic glycolysis produce from glucose?

A

Pyruvate + 2 ATP

87
Q

What happens to excess pyruvate after anaerobic glycolysis?

A

Converts to lactic acid and transferred to liver via blood

88
Q

What does the liver do with lactic acid?

A

Recycles to pyruvate

89
Q

What does liver do with pyruvate after breaking down lactic acid?

A

Combines it with 6 ATP to make glucose

90
Q

Where does liver send glucose that it made from pyruvate and ATP?

A

Muscles and organs

91
Q

What is another name for slow oxidative fibers?

A

Slow twitch or type I

92
Q

3 Features of slow twitch

A

1) small
2) hydrolyzes ATP slowly
3) aerobic

93
Q

What is myoglobin?

A

Red pigment that binds and stores oxygen

94
Q

Qualities of slow twitch

A

1) weak contraction/low # sarcomeres
2) high myoglobin (Slow Red)
3) low glycogen storage
4) makes 38 ATP

95
Q

Another name for fast oxidative fibers

A

Type IIa

96
Q

Fast oxidative are large and strong, true/false

A

True

97
Q

Fast oxidative are also called Fast Red Muscle

A

True

98
Q

What two ways do fast oxidative fibers make ATP?

A

1) Oxidative phosphorylation
2) anaerobic glycolysis

99
Q

Another name for Fast Glycolytic fibers

A

Type IIx or White Muscle Fibers

100
Q

What is muscle tone?

A

Force of muscles applied at rest

101
Q

What is muscle tension

A

Force thru fibers during action

102
Q

What is M line?

A

Center line where myosin attach

103
Q

What are z bands

A

Outsides borders of sarcomere where actin fibers attach

104
Q

What are z bands made of?

A

Alpha actin proteins

105
Q

What is I band?

A

Where actin doesn’t overlap myosin (light)

106
Q

What is A band?

A

Length of myosin including overlap with actin

107
Q

What is H zone?

A

Where myosin doesn’t overlap actin (not as dark)

108
Q

What 2 bands shorten during muscle contraction?

A

H band and I band

109
Q

What is it called when myosin head attaches to g-actin?

A

Cross bridge formation

110
Q

What 5 things determine force of contraction?

A

1) size of muscle fiber
2) # of active muscle fibers
3) frequency of stimulation
4) length of sarcomeres
5) force (speed of contraction)

111
Q

What does fast speed of contraction produce?

A

Low force

112
Q

What is isotonic contraction?

A

Muscle length changes but tension stays same; builds strength

113
Q

What is isometric?

A

Tension changes but length stays the same; builds power

114
Q

Longest muscle in the body?

A

Sartoreus

115
Q

How many muscles in body?

A

~600

116
Q

What does infraspinatus muscle do?

A

Rotator cuff

117
Q

Teres major does??

A

Rotate humerus and assist lats

118
Q

Tibialis

A

Front of calf

119
Q

Serratus

A

Connects at ribs 1-8

120
Q

Are slow twitch strong or weak?

A

Weak

121
Q

Do slow twitch have high or low concentration of myoglobin?

A

High

122
Q

Do slow twitch muscle fibers have high or low storage of glycogen?

A

Low

123
Q

Do slow twitch fibers have a large number of sarcomeres?

A

No; low # of sarcomeres

124
Q

How many ATP molecules do slow twitch make?

A

38 ATP

AP1 (9 decks)

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