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Anatomy & Physiology 2 > Exam # 2 > Flashcards

Exam # 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the nodes of the heart?

A

The SA node and AV node

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2
Q

What does AV node stand for?

A

Atrioventricular node

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3
Q

What does SA node stand for?

A

Sinoatrial node

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4
Q

What occurs when there is a P wave?

A

Atrial depolarization….two atria contract

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5
Q

What occurs during the Q wave?

A

Septal depolarization

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6
Q

What happenes during the QRS complex?

A

Ventricular depolarization…two ventricles contract

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7
Q

What happens during the t wave

A

Ventricular repolarization…ventricles relax

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8
Q

What happens during the ST segment?

A

Myocardium remains depolarized

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9
Q

What happens during the PR segment?

A

The av node temporarily holds the charge for 0.1 seconds

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10
Q

What happens when the AV node becomes depolarized

A

It’s gains the positive charge

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11
Q

Why is the PR segment a flat line?

A

Because the AV node is temporarily holding the charge

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12
Q

Where does the charge flow from after the atrioventricular node?

A

Down the bundle of hiss then to the bundle branches

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13
Q

what is occurring to the charge during depolarization?

A

it is going from -80 up into the positive

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14
Q

what does cardiac muscle require for contraction that skeletal muscle does not ?

A

Calcium

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15
Q

what does calcium do for cardiac muscle?

A

xxx

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16
Q

what type of muscle has interculated discs?

A

cardiac muscle

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17
Q

what is included in the interculated disc?

A

gap junction and desmose

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18
Q

what are the steps the steps to cardiac muscle contraction?

A

1) The nodal fires and a stream of positive ions comes in
2) The charge depolarizes from the Na entering the cell
3) Part way through depolarization the slow Ca gates open
4) Then K opens
5 The cardiac plateau occurs
6) The Ca gates close and K continue to flow in until the cell is repolarized

19
Q

what is cardiac output?

A

the amount of blood ejected from the ventricle per minute

20
Q

what is the equation for cardiac output?

A

Cardiac output = Heart Rate x Stroke Volume

21
Q

what is the atrial reflex in terms of hear rate

A

since the SA node is on top of the right atrium it is stretched whe the right atrium is contracted causing the heart rate to increase

22
Q

what does the ANS have to do with the heart?

A

there is a cardiac center in the medulla that monitors the body

in healthy people the parasympathetic is dominant allowing the SA node to control the heart beat creating sinus rhythm

23
Q

what are positive chronotropic?

A

increases the heart rate

24
Q

what are negative chronotropic?

A

decrease heart rate

25
Q

where is the medulla located?

A

on the brain stem

26
Q

what are thermoreceptors and where are they located?

A

sense temp chages…if your temp goes up so does your HR…if your temp goes down so does your HR

27
Q

what are baroreceptors?

A

found in the carotid artery ….pressure goes up HR goes down

28
Q

what are chemoreceptors?

A

sense for changes in pH….too much H+ your body will increase HR

29
Q

what does HR do if you get too much CO2?

A

increase HR

30
Q

What nerve is related to the Sympathetic NS to the heart?

A

cardiac nerve

31
Q

what nerve is related to the PNS to the heart?

A

Vagus Nerve

32
Q

what Neurotransmitter is used in the Cardiac Nerve?

A

Norepinephrine

33
Q

what neurotransmitter is used in the Vagus nerve?

A

Acetylcholine

34
Q

What receptor is related to the Cardiac Nerve?

A

Beta 2

35
Q

what receptor is related to the Vagus nerve?

A

Choligenic

36
Q

What does Norepinephrine do to the body?

A

Raise HR

Raise Resp

Dilates trachea and pupils

Blood sent to muscles instead of organs

37
Q

what does ACH do for the body?

A

the opposite of Norepinephrine

38
Q

what is stroke volume?

A

amount of blood ejected from ventricle per contraction

39
Q

what is the equation for stroke volume?

A

Stroke volume = End Diastolic Volume - End Systolic Volume

40
Q

What is end diastolic volume?

A

the amount of blood that enters the ventrilce before it starts to contract

41
Q

What is end diastolic volume?

A

the amount of blood that enters the ventricle before it starts to contract

42
Q

what is degree in relation to EDV?

A

degree to which the ventrilces stretch when filling with blood

43
Q

When End diastolic volume is high what happens to systolic pressure?

A

Systolic goes up

44
Q

what is the end systolic volume?

A

the amount of blood left over in the verntrilces after contraction

Anatomy & Physiology 2 (2 decks)

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