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VMICRO 2205 - LEC (GEMERLYN G. GONZALES) > Module 2 (Spirochetes) > Flashcards

Module 2 (Spirochetes) Flashcards

1
Q

These are a diverse group of pathogens that infect humans and animals.

A

Spirochetes

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2
Q

What are the 3 genera of Spirochetes?

A
  • Borrelia
  • Treponema
  • Leptospira
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3
Q

• Arthropod-borne pathogens
• Transmitted by ticks
• Possess a blood-borne phase

A

Borrelia

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4
Q

Species of Borrelia associated with animal infections.

A
  1. B. anserina (fowl spirochaetosis)
  2. B. theileri (Cattle relapsing fever)
  3. B. burgdorferi (lyme disease of dogs, horse, and cattle)
  4. B. coriaceae (Epizootic bovine abortion)
  5. B. canis (Intestinal diseases of dogs)
  6. B. hyos (Swine pathogen)
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5
Q

Gram negative but stain well with Giemsa and Wright

A

Borrelia

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6
Q

Spirals with characteristic motility (darkfield microscopy)

A

Borrelia

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7
Q

Possess axial fibrils which differ across species

A

Borrelia

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8
Q

Pathogens possess a linear double-stranded chromosome

A

Borrelia

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9
Q

Grows well in embryonated eggs

A

Pathogenic Borrelia

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10
Q

B. burgdorferi can be cultivated in Modified Kelly’s medium at what degrees Celsius?

A

33°C

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11
Q

They ferment glucose and other carbohydrates; can be either anaerobes or facultative anaerobes

A

Borrelia

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12
Q

Borrelia reservoir of infection

A
  1. Wounds
  2. Placenta
  3. Milk
  4. Urine
  5. Feces
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13
Q

Transmission of Borrelia

A
  1. Through tick vectors
  2. Trans-ovarian (maternal)
  3. Cannibalism
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14
Q
  • B. anserina
  • Carried by Argas persicus (avians)
  • Signs: cynosis and greenish diarrhea, paralysis, and anemia
  • Findings: Splenomegaly and liver enlargement
A
  1. Fowl spirochaetosis and Goose Septicemia
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15
Q
  • B. burgdorferi
  • Ixodes scapularis, Ixodes pacificus
  • dogs, horses, cattle, humans
  • sign: skin lesions, arthritis, neural involvement, lymphadenopathy, and abortion
A

Lyme Disease

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16
Q

What are the virulence factors of Pathogenic Borrelia?

A
  • Muramic acid and ornithine cell wall
  • Endotoxins
  • Hemolysin
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17
Q

Laboratory diagnosis of Borrelia

A

Samples:
- liver
- blood
- synovial fluid
- spleen

Preferred culture media:
- chick embryo

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18
Q

Agent Identification of Borrelia

A
  • Demostration in Giemsa-stained blood
  • Inoculation at 33°C
  • Dark microscopy
  • ELISA
  • PCR using genus specific DNA primers
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19
Q

Treatment of Borrelia with antibiotics

A
  1. Penicillin
  2. Streptomycin
  3. Tetracycline
  4. Doxycycline
  5. Enrofloxacin
  6. Erythromycin
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20
Q

Control and prevention of Borrelia

A

-Tick control
-Ectoparasite control

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21
Q

Organisms found in the oral cavity, intestinal tract and genital regions (humans and animals)

A

Treponema

22
Q

Associated with spirochetal infections of pigs which are reportedly immune compromised.

A

Treponema

23
Q

Species of Treponema associated with animal infections

A
  • T. hyodysenteriae
  • T. suis
  • T. cuniculi
24
Q
  • Loosely coiled (darkfield microscopy)
  • Gram negative
  • Stain well with Romanovsky
  • Posses a 26.9 kDa protein responsible for beta-hemolytic activity of some pathogenic forms
A

Treponema

25
Q
  • Pathogens are obligate anaerobes
  • Require organic materials if grown in a closed environment that makes them grow for long periods at temperature of 5 to 25°C
A

Growth characteristics of Treponema

26
Q

Reservoir of infection of Treponema

A
  • GI tract of pigs
  • Feces of dogs
27
Q

Transmission of Treponema

A

Feco-oral route

28
Q

Diseases associated with treponema

A
  1. Rabbit syphilis/ vent disease
  2. Swine dysentery/ bloody scours
29
Q
  • T. cuniculi
  • signs: diarrhea
  • findings: ulcers in the genital and perinal area
A

Rabbit syphilis/ vent disease

30
Q
  • T. hyodysenteriae
  • Invades goblet cells of the colon and multiplies in the crypts of Lieberkuhn
  • signs: elevated temperature, bloody diarrhea, dehydratio, and hyperkalemia
A

Swine dysentery/ bloody scours

31
Q

Virulence factors of pathogenic Treponema

A
  • Lipoproteins
  • Outer envelope proteins
32
Q

Laboratory diagnosis of Treponema

A

Samples:
- Smears of fecal material, inoculated blood agar

Agent Identification:
- Phase contrast microscopy, dark field microscopy, PCR

33
Q

Treatment with antibiotics for Treponema

A
  • Organic arsenicals
  • Tylosin
  • Gentamycin
  • Nitrofurazone
  • Lincomycin
34
Q

Control and Prevention for Treponema

A

Intensified management program

35
Q

Morphologically and physiologically uniform but serologically and epidemiologically diverse

A

Leptospira

36
Q
  • Often referred as smallest spirochetes
  • Thin spiral microorganisms found in a variety of moist habitats
A

Leptospira

37
Q
  • Gram negative which is hardly recognizable
  • Thin spiral organisms which require darkfield or phase contract
  • S or C shaped
  • Highly motile
  • Contain endotoxin and hemolysin
A

Leptospira

38
Q
  • Grow aerobic at 30°C
  • Growth enhance by the supplementation of 10% rabbit serum (Fletcher’s medium/Stuart broth)
  • dinger zone
A

Leptospira

39
Q

Reservoir of infection of Leptospira

A
  • Mammalian kidneys
  • Birds, reptiles, amphibians, and intervertabrae
  • Rodents and wild carnivore (carriers)
40
Q

Transmission of Leptospira

A
  • Ingestion of milk of infected cows
  • Genital excretion from cattle and swine
  • Skin to urine contact
41
Q

Disease associated with Leptospira

A
  1. Canine Leptospirosis
  2. Equine Leptospirosis
  3. Swine Leptospirosis
  4. Bovine Leptospirosis
  5. Leptospirosis in Sheep and Goat
42
Q

Course of Canine Leptospirosis

A
  • Septicemic, hepatic and renal disease in 1-3 years old dogs
  • Liver and kidney are colonized
43
Q

Types of Canine Leptospirosis

A
  1. Icteric type
  2. Uremic type
44
Q
  • L. popmona
  • moon blindness
  • mild fever, mild icterus, and abortion
A

Equine Leptospirosis

45
Q
  • L. pomona, L. icterohemorrhagica, L. bratislava
  • marked by abortion and infertility in sows
  • septicemia in piglets
  • abortion, stillbirth, and infertility
A

Swine Leptospirosis

46
Q
  • L. hardjo, L. pomona
  • marked by abortion (late term) in adults due to fetal death
    -fetal retention
  • Weak calf syndrome
  • Milk drop syndrome
A

Bovine Leptospirosis

47
Q

Virulence factors of Leptospira

A
  • Cold hemagglutinin (induces auto-immune lysis of erythrocytes)
  • Cytotoxin (damages endothelial cells)
  • Urease (damages urinary epithelium)
  • Hemolytic exotoxin (responsible for hemoglobinuria)
  • Agalactica- associated toxin
48
Q

Laboratory diagnosis for Leptospira

A

-Blood, urine

49
Q

Preferred culture media for Leptospira

A
  • Oxalated human blood
  • Fletcher’s medium
  • EMJH medium
50
Q

Agent Identification for Leptospira

A
  • Visual examination of wet mouths
  • Darkfield and phase contrast microscopy
  • Animal inoculation
  • Serogical testing
51
Q

Treatment with antibiotics for Leptospira

A
  • Penicilin
  • Tetracycline
  • Streptomycin
  • Fluoro- quinolones
52
Q

Control and prevention for Leptospira

A

-Vaccination of animals
-Sanitation and hygiene

VMICRO 2205 - LEC (GEMERLYN G. GONZALES) (5 decks)

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