Midterm Review

Question 1

Function of Frontal Lobe

Answer 1

Voluntary movement, thinking, personality, and intentionality or purpose.

Question 2

Function of Occipital Lobe

Answer 2

For vision.

Question 3

Function of Temporal Lobe

Answer 3

Active role in hearing, language processing, and memory.

Question 4

Function of Parietal Lobe

Answer 4

Play important roles involving spatial location, attention, and motor control.

Question 5

Recommendations of activity for preschool children:

Answer 5

Gross motor skills- hopping, jumping.
Fine motor skills- drawing, cutting, eating
Getting 11 to 13 hours of sleep each night.
Life should be centered around activities, not meals.
Executive Functioning
Learning syntax and how words should be ordered.

Question 6

Gross motor skills-

Answer 6

Large muscle activities. Ex: hopping, jumping, running back, more adventurous, stunts on playground equipment.

Question 7

Fine motor skills-

Answer 7

Finely tuned movements. Ex: grasping a spoon, buttoning a shirt, turning pages of a book.

Question 8

Myelination

Answer 8

The process by which the nerve cells are covered and insulated with a layer of fat cells, which increases the speed at which information travels through the nervous system.

Question 9

Attachment Categories from the Strange Situation (Mary Ainsworth, 1979)

Answer 9

Securely attached babies- when in the presence of caregiver, infant examines and explores the room, when departing, infants mildly protest, and when caregiver returns, infants re-establishes positive interaction, then resumes playing.

Insecure avoidant babies- avoids the caregiver, not distressed when they leave the room, and usually don’t re-establish contact when returning, may lean away if contact is established.

Insecure resistant babies- cling anxiously to caregiver and don’t explore, is distressed when caregiver leaves but the pushes away when trying to be comforted.

Insecure disorganized babies- dazed, confused and fearful- to be classified as disorganized, infant must show patterns of avoidance or extreme fearfulness around caregiver.

Question 10

Bowlby’s phases of attachment

Answer 10

1- Birth to 2 months: Infants instinctively direct attachment to human figures. Strangers, siblings, and parents are equally likely to elicit smiling or crying from infant.

2- 2 to 7 months: Attachment becomes focused on one figure, usually primary caregiver, baby gradually learned to distinguish between familiar and unfamiliar people.

3- 7 to 24 months: Specific attachments develop, actively seek contact with regular caregivers.

4- 24 months and on: Children become aware of others’ feelings, goals, and plans and begin to take these into account in forming their own actions.

Question 11

Harlow’s Experiment

Answer 11

Harry Harlow (1958) removed infant monkeys from their mothers at birth then reared by surrogate mothers- one made of wire and one made of cloth. Half were fed by wire mother and half were fed by cloth mother. How much time they spent with their “mother” was computed. Regardless of which mother fed them, the monkeys spent way more time with the cloth mother. When frightened, the ones raised by cloth mother clung to her but those raised by the wire mother did not.
This study demonstrated that feeding is not the crucial element in the attachment process and that contact comfort is more important.

Question 12

Erickson’s Lifespan Stages

Answer 12

(1) Trust vs Mistrust: first year of life.
(2) Autonomy vs Shame & Doubt: infancy (1 to 3)
(3) Initiative vs Guilt: early childhood (preschool years 3 o 5)
(4) Industry vs Inferiority: middle and late childhood (6 to puberty)
(5) Identity vs Identity Confusion: Adolescence (10 to 20)
(6) Intimacy vs Isolation: early adulthood (20s, 30s)
(7) Generatively vs Stagnation: middle adulthood (40s, 50s)
(8) Integrity vs Despair: late adulthood (60s and on)

Question 13

Parenting Styles

Answer 13

Authoritarian: restrictive, limits and controls, enforces rigid rules, have weak communication skills.
Authoritative: encourages children to be independent but still places limits and controls on their actions.
Neglectful: uninvolved, parent’s lives are more important than the child’s.
Indulgent: highly involved but places few demands or controls on them (acts as a friend).

Question 14

Piaget

Answer 14

Theory of Cognitive Development- reorganization of mental processes as a result of biological maturation and environmental experience.

Question 15

Freud

Answer 15

Go through 5 stages of psychosexual development.

Question 16

Erikson

Answer 16

8 lifespan stages through life- each a crisis that must be resolved.

Question 17

Skinner

Answer 17

Operant Conditioning.

Question 18

Bandura

Answer 18

Social Cognitive Theory- behavior, cognition, and environment play a key part in development.

Question 19

Vygotsky

Answer 19

Zone of Proximal Development. Children develop their ways of thinking and understanding through social interaction.

Question 20

PTSD symptoms-

Answer 20

Intrusive thoughts, flashback, nightmares, sleep disturbance, and problems concentrating.

Question 21

Discussing death with children-

Answer 21

Honesty is the best strategy along with reassurance that they are loved and will not be abandoned.

Question 22

Hospice/Palliative Care

Answer 22

The type of care emphasized in a hospice, which involves reducing pain and suffering and helping individuals die with dignity.

Question 23

Euthanasia

Answer 23

(“easy death”) is the act of painlessly ending the lives of individuals who are suffering from an incurable disease or severe disability.
Legal in Belgium, Columbia, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg, but is not legal in the United States.

Question 24

Advanced Directive

Answer 24

States whether life-sustaining procedures should or should not be used to prolong the life of an individual when death is imminent.

Question 25

Living Will

Answer 25

A legal document that reflects the patient’s advance care planning.

Question 26

Brain Death

Answer 26

A neurological definition of death. A person is brain dead when all electrical activity of the brain has ceased for a specified period of time. A flat EEG recording is one criterion of brain death.

Question 27

What % of Americans die in hospitals & nursing homes?

Answer 27

80%
20%

Question 28

Leading cause of infant death is the U.S.?

Answer 28

SIDS

Question 29

Most adolescent and young adults deaths result from:

Answer 29

Suicide, homicide, or motor vehicle accidents.

Question 30

Second leading cause of death for college students:

Answer 30

Suicide

Question 31

Middle age and older adult deaths result from:

Answer 31

Chronic disease

Question 32

Ethological vs Ecological

Answer 32

Etho- stresses that behavior is strongly influenced by biology, is tied to evolution, and is characterized by critical or sensitive periods.

Eco- emphasizes environmental factors.

Question 33

Lifespan definition:

Answer 33

The length of time for which a person or animal lives or a thing functions.

Question 34

Kohlberg

Answer 34

Developed 3 stages of moral development.

Question 35

Self-conscious emotions:

Answer 35

Require self-awareness that involves consciousness and a sense of “me.” Self-conscious emotions include jealousy, empathy, embarrassment, pride, shame, and guilt, most of these occurring for the first time during the second half of the first year or within the second year.

Question 36

Gender Roles

Answer 36

Sets of expectations that prescribe how females or males should think, act, and feel.

Question 37

Temperament Styles

Answer 37

1) easy
(2) difficult
(3) slow to warm up

Question 38

Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development

Answer 38

Sensorimotor stage- birth to about 2 years of age, infants construct an understanding of the world by coordinating sensory experiences (such as seeing and hearing) with physical, motoric actions.

The preoperational stage- 2 to 7 years of age, children begin to go beyond simply connecting sensory information with physical action and represent the world with words, images, and drawings. However, according to Piaget, preschool children still lack the ability to perform what he calls operations, which are internalized mental actions that allow children to do mentally what they previously could only do physically.

The concrete operational stage, 7 to 11 years of age, children can perform operations that involve objects, and they can reason logically when the reasoning can be applied to specific or concrete examples.

The formal operational stage, between the ages of 11 and 15 and continues through adulthood, individuals move beyond concrete experiences and begin to think in abstract and more logical terms. As part of thinking more abstractly, adolescents develop images of ideal circumstances. They might think about what an ideal parent would be like and compare their parents to this ideal standard.

Question 39

Critical vs sensitive time periods

Answer 39

These are specific time frames during which, according to ethologists, the presence or absence of certain experiences has a long-lasting influence on individuals.

Critical is a limited time frame where normal development can occur.
Sensitive is where development is more easier to achieve. (Or more likely).

Question 40

Normative age-graded influences:

Answer 40

Are similar for individuals in a particular age group. These influences include biological processes such as puberty and menopause. They also include sociocultural factors and environmental processes such as beginning formal education (usually at about age 6 in most cultures) and retiring from the workforce (which takes place during the fifties and sixties in most cultures).

Question 41

Normative history-graded influences:

Answer 41

Are common to people of a particular generation because of historical circumstances. Examples of normative include economic, political, and social upheavals such as the Great Depression in the 1930s, World War II in the 1940s, the civil rights and women’s rights movements of the 1960s and 1970s, the terrorist attacks of 9/11/2001.

Question 42

Plasticity

Answer 42

Having the capacity for change.

Question 43

Development definition:

Answer 43

The progressive series of changes in structure, function, and behavior patterns that occur over the lifespan of a human being or other organism.