1861-70 (Booklet 4)

Question 1

When was Italy legally unified?

Answer 1

March 1861

Question 2

When did Cavour die?

Answer 2

June 1861

Question 3

When did Garibaldi attempt to capture Rome and why did he fail?

Answer 3

1862. Ratazzi stopped him to reassure French.

Question 4

When and what was the September convention?

Answer 4

1864. Napoleon would withdraw from from within 2 years, VE would move capital from Turin to Florence. 23 died protesting in Turin.

Question 5

What taxes were introduced?

Answer 5

Flour tax 1865. Grist tax 1868, 250 died rioting.

Question 6

When did Cavour die and Give each PM after that

Answer 6

Died 1861. Ricasoli (1861-62), Ratazzi (mar-dec 1862), Farini (1862-63), Minghetti (1863-64), La Mamora (1864-66)

Question 7

Popes reaction to new Italian state

Answer 7

Syllabus of errors, not accepting liberalism, modernisation and religious consideration.

Question 8

What did the Vatican council do in response to losing church property?

Answer 8

1869 dogma of papal infallibility. Reject liberalism and progressiveness.

Question 9

Casati law, how did it chase disunity?

Answer 9

1859 primary education compulsory. BUT most south illiterate, no regional consideration.

Question 10

How was the Brigands war a result of piedmontisation?

Answer 10

Piedmontisation of army led to foot soldiers being released, then went to Sicily 1861-65. Conscription took 25,000 men away from farms. 82k brigands 1862 vs 120k army.

Question 11

Economic issue

Answer 11

Cavours policies left 2450 lire deficit.

Question 12

Transport

Answer 12

Mount cenis tunnel 1871. Linked France (trade) but only to north.

Question 13

Third war of Italian independence

Answer 13

1866. battle of custoza and lisa. Italy 250,000 men vs Austria 130,000. 12 ironclad ships vs 7. But inexperienced, only 25% reached front lines, so lost.

Question 14

Garibaldi

Answer 14

Left caldera 1862 with 4000 men. Failed miserably.

Question 15

Foreign powers unification with Rome

Answer 15

France withdrew Roman garrison to fight Prussia. Capital moved form Florence to Rome 1871.

Question 16

Social and economic problems

Answer 16

Grist tax. 1/2 poor died before age 5.

Question 17

Papal opposition

Answer 17

90% catholic support papal opposition to new state.

Question 18

Political disunity and irredentism.

Answer 18

Narrow electorate, 2% literate eligible. Irredentists annoying.

Question 19

What was the franco-Prussian war?

Answer 19

1870 unification with Rome. Nap withdrew garrison to help with battle, after French defeat by Prussia at sedan, PM Lanza formal agreement with Spain, Austria and catholic German states to send troops to Rome. Pope rejected peaceful take over, so sept 1870 advanced towards Rome- under siege. Rome fell 20th sept 1870, 49 Italian soldiers, 4 officers, 19 papal troops dead. Pius IX remained intransigent.

Question 20

What was the Austro-prussian war?

Answer 20

1866 Austria conceded Venetia to French, who then gifted it to Italy. (Despite loss at custoza at lisa 1866)

Question 21

How did piedmontisation cause disunity?

Answer 21

Forced pace of economic/political unity- social division due to state’s ignorance of rural affairs. 1861 legal system Naples changed by 52 decrees in 2 days. Everything standardised BUT 1870 only 57% of stock changed into lira. Cavour instructed La mamora to sweep away Lombardi systems. Education paid for by attacking church- 2300 monasteries closed. Brigands war.

Question 22

How did the political state of Piedmont help disunity after 1861?

Answer 22

Cavour died malaria 1861- unstable PMs. Ratazzi stop Garibaldi. Darin I tried to stab VEII. 1861 2% could vote- 25 yr old literates (75% illiterate) and pay 40 lira taxes. VEII of Piedmont still, not VE of Italy. Casati laws inconsiderate of south. Cavour ordered farini to crush rebels in southern 1860 uprising.

Question 23

What we’re some economic and social problems in 1866 that caused disunity?

Answer 23

1866 repayment interest 60% of state income- 1868 grist tax- 250 dead, 1k wounded in riots. 30% food produce used on debt each year. Abolition of trade tariffs- dual economy- southern deindustrialisation. 3m/26m employed in industry 1861.

Question 24

How did transport issues cause disunity?

Answer 24

Most of 2773 of railways didn’t link states- only connections in north- dual economy. Little investment in roads, rails privatised 1857.

Question 25

How did the papacy cause disunity?

Answer 25

2.3k monasteries closer to pay for education. By 1861 pope lost 2/3 land to new kingdom- “fractious cohabitation”.

Question 26

How did foreign powers chase geographical disunity after 1861?

Answer 26

FR I’m Rome (spiritual capital) Led to conflict (Gazza marching in Rome 1862/1867. Mazzini labelled new Italy a “sham” due to FR. 1864/65 FR proposed moving capital from Turin to Florence- 23 dies in Turin riots. Loss at battle of Lisa and at custoza.

Question 27

How did the southern question cause disunity after 1861?

Answer 27

1861 southern finances “exhausted”. Prevalent mafia. Dual economy. Casati laws not implemented- socioeconomic disunity. Conscription took 25k men away from farms.