Ch. 8.1 Flashcards
primary reinforcers
a consequence that functions as a reinforcer because its important in sustaining the life of the individual or continuation of the species
-food, water, escape/avoidance of pain
-contact/comfort, control over environmental reinforcers
-may be contrasted w/ conditioned reinforcers
conditioned reinforcers
consequences that function as reinforcers only after learning occurs’
-require Pavlovian learning, principles are he same as Pavlovian conditioning
creating new conditioned reinforcers
clicker training
-click as NS
-to make sound a conditioned a reinforcer, it must signal a delay-reduction to a treat
humans and conditioned reinforcers
conditioned reinforcers may be established verbally by describing the relation between conditioned and backup reinforcers
2 ways consequences can function as CR
1) Pavlovian learning
2) verbal learning
-information provided indicating CR signals delay reduction to another reinforcer
-Pavlovian CS->US contingency is verbally described
token economy
set of rules governing the delivery of response-contingent conditioned reinforcers that may be exchanged for 1+ backup reinforcers
backup reinforcer
reinforcer provided after the CR signals delay reduction to its delivery
token economy features
1) motivationally robust
2) nondisruptive
3) fair compensation
4) portability
5) delay-bridging
generalized conditioned reinforcer
CR signals delay reduction to 1+ backup reinforcer
marking
CR immediately follows response and helps individual learn which response produced the backup reinforcer
Carton & Schweitzer (1998)
worked with a child engaging in problem behavior (avoidance of med. procedure, hitting nurses) during hemodialysis procedures
-used a token economy
–tokens delivered every 30-minutes WITHOUT problematic behavior during 4-hr. med. procedure
–tokens exchanged at end of week for preferred items
