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Microbiology > 3. Microbial Metabolism > Flashcards

3. Microbial Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

catabolism

A

fueling reactions
energy-conserving reactions
provide ready source or reducing power (electrons)
generate precursors for biosynthesis

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2
Q

anabolism

A

the synthesis of complex organic molecules from simpler ones
requires energy from fueling reactions

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3
Q

nutrients

A

supply of monomers (or precursors of) required by cells for growth

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4
Q

macronutrients

A

nutrients required in large amounts

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5
Q

micronutrients

A

nutrients required in minute amounts

trace metals and growth factors

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6
Q

requirements for nutrition in cells

A

carbon
hydrogen
oxygen
phosphorous
sulfur
nitrogen

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7
Q

carbon

A

major element in all classes of macromolecules

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8
Q

most microbes (heterotrophs) use

A

organic carbon

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9
Q

autotrophs use

A

carbon dioxide

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10
Q

nitrogen

A

proteins, nucleic acids, and many more cell consituents

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11
Q

phosphorous

A

nucleic acids and phospholipids

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12
Q

sulfur

A

sulfur containing amino acids (cysteine and methionine)

vitamins (thiamine, biotin, lipoic acid)

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13
Q

potassium

A

required by enzymes for activity

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14
Q

iron (Fe)

A

cellular respiration

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15
Q

trace metals

A

enzyme cofactors

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16
Q

active transport

A

how cells accumulate solutes against concentration gradient

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17
Q

three classes of transporters:

A

simple transport
group translocation
ABC system

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18
Q

simple transport

A

driven by the energy in the proton motive force

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19
Q

group translocation

A

chemical modification of the transported substance driven by phosphoenolpyruvate

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20
Q

ABC transporter

A

periplasmic binding proteins are involved and energy comes from ATP

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21
Q

phosphotransferase system in E.coli

A

-best studied group translocation system
-glucose, fructose, mannose
-five proteins required
-energy derived from phosphoenolpyruvate (from glycolysis)

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22
Q

ABC (ATP-binding cassette) systems

A

200+ different systems identified in prokaryotes for organic and inorganic compounds
high substrate affinity (very specific to what they are transporting)
ATP drives uptake
requires trans-membrane and ATP-hydrolyzing proteins plus:
-gram negatives employ periplasmic binding proteins
-gram positive and archaea employ substrate-binding proteins on external surface of cytoplasmic membrane

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23
Q

activation energy

A

minimum energy required for molecules to become reactive
-a catalyst is usually required to overcome activation energy barrier

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24
Q

electron donor

A

the substance is oxidized (glucose)

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25
Q

electron acceptor

A

the substance is reduced (O2)

26
Q

organic molecules contain

A

1 C or more and H

27
Q

classification of organisms based on their metabolism:

A
  1. energy source
  2. electron donor
  3. carbon source
28
Q

energy source

A

sunlight: photo- (light E)
preformed molecules: chemo- (chemical E)

29
Q

electron donor

A

organic compound (organo-)
inorganic compound (litho-)

30
Q

carbon source

A

organic compound (hetero-)
carbon dioxide (auto-)

31
Q

thiobacillus denitrificans oxidizes ammonia (NH3) for energy to conserve ATP and fixes CO2

A

chemolithoautotroph

32
Q

a group of marine organisms, the “thiosulfate (S2O3)- oxidizing bacteria” obtain energy via the oxidation of thiosulfate. Many of these organisms require pyruvate for growth

A

chemo litho heterotroph

33
Q

organisms in the genus roseobacter can obtain energy via aerobic anoxygenic photosynthesis and they require glucose for growth

A

photo organo heterotroph

34
Q

Reduction Potential (E0)

A

tendency to donate electrons (expressed as volts)

35
Q

Electron Tower

A

top –> bottom
donor on “right”
acceptor on “left”

donor is always above acceptor
the further apart, the more potential (ATP)
a couple on the same level cannot generate any potential

36
Q

the greater the difference between the reduction potential of the donor and the reduction potential of the acceptor,

A

the more negative the free energy change

37
Q

chemical energy released in redox reactions is primarily stored …
chemical energy is also stored in …

A

in certain phosphorylated compounds

-ATP: the prime energy currency
-phosphoenolpyruvate

coenzyme A derivates

38
Q

adenosine triphosphate

A

energy stored in phosphate bonds

39
Q

long-term energy storage involves biosynthesis of

A

insoluble polymers that can be oxidized to generate ATP

prokaryotes:
-gylcogen
-elemental sulfur

eukaryotes
-starch and lipids

40
Q

two reaction series are linked to energy conservation in chemoorganotrophs:

A

fermentation and respiration

they differ in the mechanism of ATP synthesis

41
Q

fermentation

A

substrate level phosphorylation;
ATP is directly synthesized from an energy-rich intermediate

krebs cycle, glycolysis

42
Q

respiration

A

oxidative phosphorylation;
ATP is produced from proton motive force formed by transport of electrons

ETC

43
Q

Fermentation

A

all about regenerating NAD+
-no electron acceptor
-no ATP
-purely anaerobic (no oxygen product)
byproduct: alcohol, CO2, acid

2 ATP formed by substrate level phosphorylation in glycolysis only
no Krebs cycle or ETC, so NADH reduces an endogenous electron acceptor

some endproducts:
alcohol fermentation - CO2, alcohol
homolactic fermentation: lactic acids
heterolactic fermentation: lactic acids, CO2, alcohol

44
Q

aerobic respiration:

A

O2 as acceptor
(glucose is an electron donor)

45
Q

anaerobic respiration

A

all but O2 is an acceptor
(glucose is an electron donor)

46
Q

which would make more ATP? fermenting or respiring

A

respiring

47
Q

which would consume more glucose to make the same amount of ATP?

A

fermenting

48
Q

what if you add nitrate to the no O2 fermenting

A

if you add NO2, that is an electron acceptor, so you would go from fermenting to anaerobic respiration

49
Q

photosynthesis : the reverse of respiration

A

photo: converting light energy (photons) to chemical energy ATP
synthesis: fixing CO2 into organic molecules- a reductive process
-to fix CO2, a lot of energy and a lot of reducing power is needed

50
Q

oxygenic photosynthesis

A

source of energy is light
source of reducing power: oxidation of water
H20 –> O2

51
Q

anoxygenic photosynthesis

A

source of energy is light
reducing power is oxidation of inorganic or organic chemicals
H2S –> S
(no oxygen)

52
Q

oxygenic photosynthesis requires

A

two photosystems: chlorophyll is the main pigment

53
Q

the only organism in the microbial word that does oxygenic photosynthesis is

A

cyanobacteria

54
Q

in light dependent reactions,

A

water and sunlight produce the ATP

55
Q

in light dependent reactions

A

NADPH is needed to fix CO2 into sugar

56
Q

anoxygenic photosynthesis requires

A

only one photosystem
H20 is NOT used, no O2 produced
use alternative pigments and generate NADPH differently:
-direct oxidation of H2
-reverse electron flow

57
Q

anoxygenic phototrophs

A

energy from light but reducing power from organic or inorganic sources
habitat: anoxic environments that are exposed to light

58
Q

purple sulfur

A

electron donor: H2S
special features: anaerobic anoxygenic
bacteriochlorophylls: a and b (photosystem II)

59
Q

purple nonsulfur

A

electron donor: organic substrates
special features: anaerobic anoxygenic also chemotrophic
bacteriochlorophylls: a and b (photosystem II)

60
Q

green sulfur

A

electron donor: H2S
special features: anaerobic anoxygenic
bacteriochlorophylls: c, d, e (photosystem II)

61
Q

green nonsulfur

A

electron donor: organic substrates
special features: facultative aerobic; can also perform chemotrophy
bacteriochlorophylls: c (photosystem II)

Microbiology (8 decks)

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