Anatomy of joints & ligaments

Question 1

Function of joints

Answer 1

To permit limited movement
Transfer forces from one bone to another

Question 2

Structural classification of joints

Answer 2

• fibrous; united by fibrous tissue
• cartilaginous; united by hyaline or fibrocartilage
• synovial; united by synovial joint capsule

Question 3

Functional classification of joints

Answer 3

• Synarthrosis; immovable
• Amphiarthrosis; only slight movement
• Diarthrosis; freely moving

Question 4

7 types of synovial joint

Answer 4

• plane
• hinge
• pivot
• condylar
• ellipsoid
• ball and socket
• saddle

Question 5

Plane joint

Answer 5

Two flat surfaces
No rotation; translational

Question 6

Hinge joint

Answer 6

• Cylindrical surface and receiving surface
• Rotational in one plane

Question 7

Pivot joint

Answer 7

• Peg fitted within a ring
• Rotational movement around eachother

Question 8

Condylar joint

Answer 8

Two knuckle-shaped condyles with complementary concave surfaces
- rotation around the transverse axis

Question 9

Ellipsoidal joint

Answer 9

Convex surface with a corresponding concave surface
- ovoid shaped
- rotation and translation in two planes

Question 10

Saddle joint

Answer 10

• two fitting surfaces
• one maximally convex the other concave
• translation and rotation depends on shape

Question 11

Ball and socket joint

Answer 11

• ball and cup shape
• 3 rotational degrees of freedom
• up to 6 dof total

Question 12

Flexion and Extension

Answer 12

Rotation around the mediolateral axis
- flexion; lessens joint angle
- extension; increases the joint angle

Question 13

Abduction and adduction

Answer 13

Rotation around craniocaudal axis
- abduction; taking away from midline
- adduction; bringing towards midline

Question 14

Pronation and supination

Answer 14

Rotation around the proximodistal axis
- pronation; lateral surface rotated inwards
- supination; medial surface rotated outwards

Question 15

Circumduction

Answer 15

Flexion-extension + Abduction-adduction

Question 16

Glenohumeral joint

Answer 16

• shoulder
• ball and socket, between a glenoid cavity and humeral head
• no collateral ligaments
• sulcus (intertubular groove); guides bicep brachii tendon
• transverse humeral ligament holds tendon in intertubular groove
• in horses and cattle; intertubular bursa between tendon and sulcus

Question 17

Humeroradioulnar joint

Answer 17

• elbow
• hinge joint, allows flexion & extension
• joint capsule encloses all three articular parts
• humeral condyle, head of radius, ulna
• trochlear notch articulates with trochlea of humeral condyle
  -lateral and medial collateral ligaments

Question 18

Proximal radioulnar joint

Answer 18

Additional joint between radius and ulna
- fused in horses and ruminants
- allows supination of manus

Question 19

The three carpal joints

Answer 19

• Antebrachiocarpal joint
• Middle carpal joint
• Carpometacarpal joint

Question 20

Antebrachiocarpal joint

Answer 20

• between the radius & ulna and the proximal row of carpal bones
• lots of movement
• shares joint capsule with the distal radioulnar joint in carnivores and pigs

Question 21

Middle carpal joint

Answer 21

between two rows of carpal bones
- communicates with carpometacarpal joint

Question 22

Carpometacarpal joint

Answer 22

• Between the distal row of carpal bones and the metacarpals
• Very little movement

Question 23

Ligaments of carpal joints

Answer 23

• lateral and medial collateral ligaments
• intercarpal joints & ligaments
• intermetacarpal joints

Question 24

Carpal canal

Answer 24

• carpal canal; formed by accessory carpal bone, dorsal carpal bones and flexor retinaculum and palmar carpal ligament
• tendons, nerves, synovial sheaths, blood vessels pass through carpal canal

Question 25

Metacarpophalangeal joints

Answer 25

between proximal metacarpal bones and proximal phalanges
- hinge-type joint
- many ligaments attach to the proximal sesamoid bone

Question 26

Phalangeal joints

Answer 26

between phalanges
- Proximal interphalangeal joint; between proximal and middle phalanges
- Distal interphalangeal joint; between middle and distal phalanges
- Middle and lateral collateral ligaments; restrict movement

Question 27

Sacroiliac joint

Answer 27

• between the sacrum and the ilium of the pelvis
• relatively immovable
• combined cartilaginous and synovial joint; fibrocartilage unites surfaces
• tight joint capsule; reinforced by sacroiliac ligaments
• sacrotuberous ligament

Question 28

Pelvic Symphysis

Answer 28

• between two coxae (hip bones)
• fibrocartilage
• replaced by bone in adult

Question 29

Coxofemoral joint

Answer 29

Between the head of the femur and the acetabulum of the pelvis
- ball and socket joint; free movement
- no collateral ligaments
- intracapsular ligament

Question 30

Two joints of the stifle

Answer 30

• Femoropatellar joint
• Tibiofemoral joint

Question 31

Femoropatellar joint

Answer 31

• between the patella and the trochlear of femur
• the quadriceps tendon becomes the patellar ligament
• medial and lateral femoropatellar ligaments attach the patella to the femur

Question 32

Tibiofemoral joint

Answer 32

• between the femoral condyles and the tibia
• hinge-like joint
• wedge-shaped semilunar cartilages between the femoral condyles and tibia
• medial and lateral collateral ligaments
• Cranial and caudal cruciate ligaments are intra-articular ligaments that cross and stabilise the knee

Question 33

Tibiofibular joint

Answer 33

Between the lateral condyle of the tibia and the head
of the fibula
- differs between species

Question 34

Temporomandibular joint

Answer 34

Between the condyles of the mandible and the mandibular fossae of the temporal bones
- synovial condylar joint that can act as a sliding hinge
- lateral ligament
- articular disc between surfaces

Question 35

Mandibular symphysis

Answer 35

Cartilaginous joint joining the left and right mandibular bones

Question 36

Joints of the auditory ossicles

Answer 36

Synovial joints join the ossicles
There are ligaments holding the bones in
place

Question 37

Joints of the hyoid apparatus

Answer 37

The hyoid bones are joined by synovial joints
- fibrous articulation with the skull

Question 38

General joints of vertebral column

Answer 38

• cartilaginous joints; between intervertebral discs
  and vertebral bodies
• synovial joints; between caudal and cranial
  articular processes of adjacent vertebrae

Question 39

Intervertebral discs

Answer 39

Layers of fibrocartilage between vertebrae
- outer fibrous ring
- inner pulpy nucleus

Question 40

Atlanto-occipital joint

Answer 40

The first vertebral joint between the occiput and atlas
- yes joint
- modified hinge type synovial joint

Question 41

Atlantoaxial joint

Answer 41

• pivot type synovial joint
• between first two vertebrae
• no joint

Question 42

Costovertebral joints

Answer 42

Between ribs and vertebrae
- head of each rib forms a ball-and-socket synovial
joint with the adjacent vertebrae

Question 43

Sternocostal joints

Answer 43

Between the first 8 costal cartilages and the sternum
- pivot style synovial articulations

Question 44

Costochondral junctions

Answer 44

Between the ribs and costal cartilages
- Fibrous connections