DSM5 - schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders

Question 1

delusions

Answer 1

fixed beliefs that are not amenable to change in light of conflicting evidence. Their content may include a variety of themes
persecutory, referential, somatic, religious, grandiose

Question 2

persecutory delusions

Answer 2

belief that one is going to be harmed, harassed, and so forth by an individual, organisation or other group\
most common delusions

Question 3

referential delusions

Answer 3

belief that certain gestures, comments, environmental cues, and so forth are directed at oneself eg. the people on the tv are talking directly to me
also common

Question 4

grandiose delusions

Answer 4

when an individual believes that he or she has exceptional abilities, wealth, or fame

Question 5

erotomanic delusion

Answer 5

when an individual believes falsely that another person is in love with him or her

Question 6

nihilistic delusions

Answer 6

involve the convictions that a major catastrophe will occur

Question 7

somatic delusions

Answer 7

preoccupation regarding health and organ function

Question 8

delusions that express a loss of control over mind or body

Answer 8

the belief that one’s thoughts have been “removed” by some outside force (thought withdrawal),
that alien thoughts have been put into one’s mind (thought insertion),
or that one’s body or actions are being acted on or manipulated by some outside force (delusions of control)

Question 9

bizarre delusions

Answer 9

Delusions are deemed bizarre if they are clearly implausible and not understandable to same-culture peers and do not derive from ordinary life experiences
Delusions that express a loss of control over mind or body are generally considered to be bizarre

Question 10

non-bizarre delusion

Answer 10

An example of a nonbizarre delusion is the belief that one is under surveillance by the police, despite a lack of convincing evidence

Question 11

what differentiates a strongly held belief from a delusion

Answer 11

depends in part on the degree of conviction with which the belief is held despite clear or reasonable contradictory evidence regarding its veracity.

Question 12

how to differentiate persecutory delusions from post-traumatic symptoms

Answer 12

Individuals who have experienced torture, political violence, or discrimination - these may represent instead intense fears of recurrence or posttraumatic symptoms.
A careful evaluation of whether the person’s fears are justified given the nature of the trauma can help to differentiate appropriate fears from persecutory delusions.

Question 13

hallucinations

Answer 13

perception-like experiences that occur without an external stimulus.
They are vivid and clear, with the full force and impact of normal perceptions, and not under voluntary control.

Question 14

which type of hallucination is most common in schizophrenia and related disorders

Answer 14

They may occur in any sensory modality, but auditory hallucinations are the most common in schizophrenia and related disorders.

Question 15

how are auditory hallucinations usually experienced

Answer 15

Auditory hallucinations are usually experienced as voices, whether familiar or unfamiliar, that are perceived as distinct from the individual’s own thoughts.

Question 16

to be considered auditory hallucinations, they must occur in the context of

Answer 16

a clear sensorium; those that occur while falling asleep (hypnagogic) or waking up (hypnopompic) are considered to be within the range of normal experience.

Question 17

when an individual switches from one topic to another

Answer 17

derailment or loose associations

Question 18

answers to questions are loosely related or completely unrelated

Answer 18

tangentiality

Question 19

speech is so severely disorganized that it is nearly incomprehensible and resembles receptive aphasia in its linguistic disorganization

Answer 19

incoherence or ‘word salad’

Question 20

glossolalia

Answer 20

speaking in tongues
some religious groups engage in this, difficult to differentiate from incoherence

Question 21

possession trance

Answer 21

trance states in which personal identity is replaced by an external possessing identity
religious experience

Question 22

glossolalia and possession trance are characterised as

Answer 22

disorganised speech
These instances do not represent signs of psychosis unless they are accompanied by other clearly psychotic symptoms. Less severe disorganized thinking or speech may occur during the prodromal and residual periods of schizophrenia.

Question 23

catatonic behaviour

Answer 23

marked decrease in reactivity to the environment

Question 24

types of catatonic behaviour

Answer 24

negativism - resistance to instructions
mutism and stupor - maintaining a rigid, inappropriate or bizarre posture; to a complete lack of verbal and motor responses
catatonic excitement - purposeless and excessive motor activity without obvious cause

Question 25

which conditions does catatonia occur in

Answer 25

catatonia has historically been associated with schizophrenia, catatonic symptoms are nonspecific and may occur in other mental disorders (e.g., bipolar or depressive disorders with catatonia) and in medical conditions (catatonic disorder due to another medical condition)

Question 26

negative symptoms in schizophrenia

Answer 26

two negative symptoms are particularly prominent in schizophrenia: diminished emotional expression and avolition

Question 27

diminished emotional expression

Answer 27

Diminished emotional expression includes reductions in the expression of emotions in the face, eye contact, intonation of speech (prosody), and movements of the hand, head, and face that normally give an emotional emphasis to speech

Question 28

avolition

Answer 28

Avolition is a decrease in motivated self-initiated purposeful activities. The individual may sit for long periods of time and show little interest in participating in work or social activities

Question 29

other negative symptoms in schizophrenia

Answer 29

alogia, anhedonia, and asociality

Question 30

alogia

Answer 30

diminished speech output

Question 31

anhedonia

Answer 31

decreased ability to experience pleasure

Question 32

asociality

Answer 32

the apparent lack of interest in social interactions and may be associated with avolition, but it can also be a manifestation of limited opportunities for social interactions

Question 33

Schizotypal personality disorder

Answer 33

The diagnosis schizotypal personality disorder captures a pervasive pattern of social and interpersonal deficits, including reduced capacity for close relationships; cognitive or perceptual distortions; and eccentricities of behavior, usually beginning by early adulthood but in some cases first becoming apparent in childhood and adolescence. Abnormalities of beliefs, thinking, and perception are below the threshold for the diagnosis of a psychotic disorder.

Question 34

schizophrenia vs. schizoaffective

Answer 34

Schizophrenia lasts for at least 6 months and includes at least 1 month of active-phase symptoms. In schizoaffective disorder, a mood episode and the active-phase symptoms of schizophrenia occur together and were preceded or are followed by at least 2 weeks of delusions or hallucinations without prominent mood symptoms.

Question 35

psychotic disorders

Answer 35

may be induced by substances, medications, toxins, and other medical conditions. In substance/medication-induced psychotic disorder, the psychotic symptoms are judged to be a direct physiological consequence of a drug of abuse, a medication, or toxin exposure and cease after removal of the agent. In psychotic disorder due to another medical condition, the psychotic symptoms are judged to be a direct physiological consequence of another medical condition.

Question 36

types of delusions

Answer 36

erotomanic type
grandiose type
jealous type
persecutory type
somatic type
mixed type
unspecified type