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AP Psychology > Unit 8 - Motivation, Emotion, and Stress > Flashcards

Unit 8 - Motivation, Emotion, and Stress Flashcards

1
Q

motivation

A

a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior

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2
Q

instinct

A

a complex, unlearned behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species

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3
Q

4 perspectives for viewing motivational behavior

A

Instinct theory - naturally predisposed behaviors
Drive reduction theory - how our inner drives and our external pulls interact
Arousal theory - focuses on finding the right level of stimulation
Abraham’s hierarchy of needs - discusses how some needs take precedence over others

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4
Q

drive-reduction theory

A

idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tensions state that motivates an organism to satisfy the need

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5
Q

homeostasis

A

tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level

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6
Q

biological homeostasis

A

focuses on physical conditions such as hunger, thirst and temperature

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7
Q

cognitive homeostasis

A

involved mental conditions such as consistent, balance, and harmony in one’s thinking-that is seeking equity in the surrounding community, prioritizing one’s life, and promoting peace with the self and others

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8
Q

incentive

A

a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior

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9
Q

Yerkes-Dodson theory

A

the principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases

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10
Q

Myron Zuckerman

A

argues that people differ in the amount of stimulation they need or want

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11
Q

4 forms of sensation seeking

A

Thrill and adventure seeking - people may seek excitement in risk but socially acceptable activities such as skydiving, racing
Experience seeking - this represents the desire to seek sensation through the mind, the senses, and nonconforming lifestyle
Disinhibition - those who have chose a middle class lifestyle but find it boring may seek escape in social drinking and partying
Boredom susceptibility - this occurs when people have a low tolerance for experiences that are repetitious or constant

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12
Q

Maslow’s heirarchy of needs

A

self-actualization
esteem
love and belonging
safety needs
physiological needs

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13
Q

glucose

A

the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When the level is low, we feel hunger

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14
Q

hypothalamus

A

this neural traffic intersection includes areas that influence eating. For example, one neural arc, has a center that secretes appetite-stimulating hormones, and another center that secretes appetite-suppressing hormones

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15
Q

insulin

A

hormone secreted by pancreas, controls blood glucose

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16
Q

Ghrelin

A

hormone secreted by empty stomach, sends the i’m hungry signal

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17
Q

Orexin

A

hunger-triggering hormone secreted by hypothalamus

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18
Q

leptin

A

protein hormone secreted by fat cells, when abundant, causes brain to increase metabolism to decrease hunger

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19
Q

PYY (peptide tyrosine tyrosine)

A

Digestive tract hormone, sens i’m not hungry signals to brain

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20
Q

Lateral hypothalamus (Large Hunger)

A

part of the brain that controls the desire to eat. When stimulated, eating does not cease.

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21
Q

Ventromedial hypothalamus (Very Minute Hunger)

A

part of the brain that controls satiety. When stimulated, act as though you have already eaten.

22
Q

hypoglycemia

A

occurs when blood sugar levels run too low because of lack of food. This condition is accompanied by feelings of dizziness and weakness

23
Q

hyperglycemia

A

occurs when blood sugars run too high. This condition, also known as diabetes, results when cells in the pancreas do not metabolize carbohydrates.

24
Q

set point

A

the point at which an individual’s weight thermostat is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight.

25
Q

basal metabolic rate

A

the body’s resting rate of energy expenditure

26
Q

influences on the psychology of hunger

A

Cultural influence
Taste aversion
Environmental factors
Genetic predispositions
Neophobia - dislike of things unfamiliar

27
Q

we eat to

A

relieve hunger, to feel comforted, to socialize, or to relieve boredom

28
Q

people refuse to eat for a variety of reasons

A

to exert control, lose weight, make a political statement

29
Q

sexual response cycle

A

the four stages of sexual responding described by masters and johnson Excitement
Plateau
Orgasm
Resolution

30
Q

refractory period

A

resting period after orgasm during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm

31
Q

sexual dysfunction

A

problem that consistently impairs sexual arousal or functioning

32
Q

estrogens

A

sex hormones such as estradiol secreted in greater amounts by females than males contributing to female sex characteristics

33
Q

testosterone

A

most important of male sex hormones. Both males and females have it but the additional testosterone in males stimulate the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty

34
Q

The sexual response stages are similar to hans selye’s general adaptation syndrome which describes the boyd’s physiological response to stress

A

1 - alarm reaction phase - body recognizes and prepares to address the stress
2 - resistance phase in which the body fights the stress for an indefinite amount of time
3 - finally body either conquers the stress or exhausts the recourses

35
Q

emotion

A

a response of the whole organism involving
Physiological arousal
Expressive behaviors
Conscious experience

36
Q

James-Lange Theory

A

our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli
(cry then sad)

37
Q

Cannon-Bard Theory

A

an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers
Physiological responses
Subjective experience of emotion
(cry and sad at same time)

38
Q

Two-factor theory

A

the schachter-singer theory that to experience emotion, one must be physically aroused and cognitively label the arousal
(cry, then understand situation)

39
Q

polygraph

A

a machine, commonly used in attempts to detect lies, that measures the several of the physiological responses accompanying emotion

40
Q

facial feedback effect

A

the tendency of facial muscle states trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness

41
Q

health psychology

A

a subfield of psychology that provides psychology’s contribution to behavioral medicine

42
Q

stress

A

the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events called stressors that we appraise as threatening or challenging

43
Q

general adaption syndrome

A

selys concepts of the body’s adaptive responses to stress in three phases - alarm, resistance, exhaustion

44
Q

Tend-and-Befriend

A

response under stress, people (especially women) often provide support to others (tend) and to bond with and seek support from others (befriend)

45
Q

psychophysiological illness

A

literally “mind-body” illness; any stress-related physical illness such as hypertensions and headaches

46
Q

psychoneuroimmunology

A

the study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health

47
Q

lymphocytes

A

the two types of white blood cels that are part of the bodys immune system
B lymphocytes form in the bone amrrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections
T lymphocytes form in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances

48
Q

coronary heart disease

A

clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; leading cause of death in many developed countries

49
Q

Coronary heart disease type A

A

Type A - Friedman and Rosenman’s term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people

50
Q

Coronary heart disease type B

A

Type B - Friedman and Rosenman’s term for easygoing, relaxed people

AP Psychology (8 decks)

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