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ASC 408G: Swine > EXAM 2: gestation, farrowing, lactation > Flashcards

EXAM 2: gestation, farrowing, lactation Flashcards

1
Q

where is sperm deposited

A

cervix near uterus

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2
Q

uterine contractions introduced by __________ from the female and ___________ from the male, move the sperm to site of fertilization

A

oxytocin
prostiglandins

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3
Q

most of the fertilizing sperm will reach the site of fertilization ________hours after insemination but will continue to increase for up to ____________hours

A

3-6
12

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4
Q

once fertilization occurs, early embryos will develop in the _______ for about 48 hours

A

oviduct

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5
Q

when are many embryos lost

A

day 10 and 20 of gestation

**defective or slow developing

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6
Q

after fertilization, the early embryos enter the ________ on day 4 and remain ___________ and mix with each other until approximately 12-13 days of gestation

A

uterus
free-floating

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7
Q

what is meant by embryos free-float

A

migrate to horn
space evenly between horns

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8
Q

for embryos to survive after 10 days of gestation,they must signal to the sow they are present by secreting___________ which will prevent the sow from releasing ___________ from the uterus

A

estrogen
prostaglanin

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9
Q

what does prostaglandin do

A

hormone that will destroy the CL and cease progesterone production= termination of pregnancy

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10
Q

T/F if there are no embryos or too few of embryos to produce a signal, prostaglandin is released

A

true

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11
Q

if embryo is successful in signaling dam what happens

A

progesterone stays high

uterine contractions inhibited until parturition

embryo attach at day 14-17 of gestation

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12
Q

The uterus will accommodate many more embryos/fetuses than can actually come to term; those that cannot be supported due to limited space will be lost ___________

A

before day 50 of pregnancy

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13
Q

sows that fail to establish and maintain pregnancy do not cover the ________ associated with their daily maintenance and housing

A

cost

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14
Q

why is pregnancy checking important

A

minimize the cost of NPDs
identify # of farrowing crates needed
identify open females for rebreeding or culling
prevents culling pregnant sows
identify repro failure
help predict future pig flow

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15
Q

the optimal time to diagnosis pregnancy is between _____________ days following breeding

A

24-35

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16
Q

sows should enter farrowing with a body condition score of

A

3 or 4

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17
Q

sows with a BCS 5 are at a higher risk of

A

farrowing complications
structural damage to their own bodies
decreased feed intake during lactation

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18
Q

sows with a low BCS (1-2) may have

A

decreased milk production/ productivity
experience lower productivity in the future
poor rebreeding
high culling
sows direct nutrition and energy will go to their own health before milk production
increase in shoulder ulcers

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19
Q

score determined by pressure on ribs, spine, and hip

A

body condition score

ranges from 1-5

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20
Q

Improper body condition can lead to

A

disrupt endocrine system
problems with lactation
problems getting/ staying pregnant

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21
Q

how does proper body condition impact repro

A

will lead to consistent repro performance

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22
Q

1 week prior to farrowing, what occurs

A

diet is changed to higher energy lactation diet
mammary glands and vulva become swollen

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23
Q

24 hours prior to farrowing, what occurs

A

mammary gland begins to secret milky liquid
nest building
laying down most of the time
respiration and vocalization increases

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24
Q

once farrowing begins the duration can range from

A

30 min - 5 hours

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25
Q

in what position are pigs born

A

head first OR feet first

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26
Q

the average interval between pigs is approximately

A

15 min

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27
Q

Prolonged farrowing will increase the

A

number of stillborns/ death losses during the first few days after birth

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28
Q

do pigs normally have farrowing problems/ need assistance

A

rarely have problems
little to no assistance

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29
Q

if assisting a sow with birth, what needs to be done

A

wash external genitalia with soap
lube, clean glove
hand and arm in repro tract as far as needed to retrieve pig

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30
Q

is inducing farrowing a common practice, why

A

YES

allows workers to attend farrowing lowering stillborn and improves pre-weaning mortality

** pigs are freed from membrane
** weak pigs are revived

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31
Q

how is farrowing induced

A

administer 2cc of lutalyse intramuscularly (pgf2 alpha) into neck

20-30 hours after injection the sow should start to farrow

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32
Q

how do we induce farrowing if lutalyse does not work

A

1cc of oxytocin for those who dont respond
injected into vulva

sow should show signs shes ready to farrow

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33
Q

shoulder ulcer

A

abscess/bruising on shoulder due to rubbing on concrete

**skinny pigs

34
Q

what does MMA stand for

A

mastitis
metritis
agalactia

35
Q

___________ and ___________ often enhance the occurrence of MMA in sows

A

difficult farrowing
assisted farrowings

36
Q

inflammation of one or more mammary glands

common condition that occurs sporadically in individual sows or sometimes as a herd outbreak

A

mastitis

37
Q

how does mastitis aris

A

bacteria gains entry into one or more mammary glands for the first time
OR
may be a flare-up of a long-standing subclinical infection

38
Q

if mastitis is left untreated what happens

A

become chronic
thick fibrous scar tissue
large lumps

39
Q

what are the three categories of mastitis

A

coliform bactria
stap/strep bacteria
miscellaneous bacteria

40
Q

coliform mastitis

A

most common/ serious on sow farms in wet, cold environments
decreased milk yield
sick sow
poor growing pigs
purple, swollen mammary glands

41
Q

what causes coliform mastitis

A

E. coli (wet, cold environment)

42
Q

treatment for coliform and staph/strep mastitis

A

antibiotics

43
Q

inflammation of the uterus caused by bacterial infection

fairly common in immediate post-farrowing period

A

metritis

44
Q

metritis is more likely to occur in what kind pig

A

sows with prolonged farrowing/ required assistance

45
Q

what is metritis commonly paired with

A

mastitis

46
Q

inflammation of the uterus caused by bacterial infection

fairly common in the immediate post-farrowing period

A

metritis

47
Q

miscellaneous mastitis

A

uncommon
various seriousness

48
Q

staph/strep mastitis

A

less severe than coliform
occurs sparatically in sows
mammary glnds= hot and swollen
thick yellow/brown discharge

49
Q

symptoms of metritis

A

inflamed uterus
discharge from vulva (brown, red)
common in sows that had prolonged farrowing

50
Q

shortage of milk in healthy lactating sows

A

agalactia

51
Q

treatment for metritis

A

antibiotics
oxytocin to have uterus contract

52
Q

is agalactia common

A

no; RARE
if seen, more in gilts
hard to treat

53
Q

nervous, hysterical sows
–what happens
–how to treat it

A

Trample, lie on, or kill newborn pigs with mouth

remove pigs, place in warm environment until farrowing is complete (return a test pig)

old remedy= give sow beer

54
Q

pigs born alive fall into two categories:

A

normal
disadvantaged

55
Q

characteristics of normal pigs

A

born quickly
get to feet in a minute or 2
begin suckling ~15 min
take a large share of the sow’s colostrum

**if mom is good, normal pigs thrive without much help

56
Q

characteristics of disadvantaged pigs

A

weakened by rigors of birth process
lightweight
have defects
slow reaching the udder
chilled–lower core body temp= more likely to die
slow to feet/udder

57
Q

what is a lightweight pig classified as

A

Less than 2.75 pounds (avg wt= 3-4)
less likely to survive

58
Q

pigs born immediately will

A

instinctively work way to teat
cant visually see teat, find by snout
contact with littermates cause defense mechanism
pigs will nurse on the same teat for the entire nursing period

59
Q

Heavier pigs will nurse from the _________ teats

A

anterior
(closer to the head)

60
Q

sows produce colostrum for

A

24-48 hours

** crucial that newborns receive colostrum withing 36 hours (better absorption)

61
Q

what kind of environment does a newborn pig need

A

clean
warm
draft free
safe
heat source

62
Q

much of the sow management during lactation revolved around

A

feed
water

63
Q

is it normal for a sow to lose body condition while nursing

A

yes, around .5

start at a 3-4

64
Q

During lactation, sows should stand 2-3x a day to

A

stimulate feed/ water consumption
encourage normal elimination (feces)

65
Q

T/F it is common for sows not to eat much for the first few days after farrowing

A

true

66
Q

increased intake in feed will increase________ production

A

milk

67
Q

what kind of diet should a sow be fed while lactating

A

high energy
2-3x a day
with a laxative source

68
Q

examples of laxative source

A

bland, bulky feedstuff (oat, beet pulp, wheat bran)
potassium chloride
Epsom salt
linseed meal

69
Q

management technique used to reduce weight variation in litters and to evenly match the number of pigs with the sow’s ability to raise them

A

cross fostering

70
Q

The lowest pig mortality is observed in

A

high birthweight litters with slight withing litter weight variation

71
Q

Cross-fostering should be done with what kind of pigs

A

before 24-48 hours old (before teat fidelity is established)
transfer males instead of females when raising replacements

go to a sow that is small, docile

72
Q

main causes of pre-weaning mortality

A

trauma, crushing =50%
low viability (disadvantaged)= 20%
starvation= 15%
scours, disease, unknown= 15%

73
Q

how does the season of the year impact pre-weaning mortality

A

greater loss in fall and winter

74
Q

how does birth weight impact pre-weaning mortality

A

smaller the pig (less than 2.75)= increased chance of death

75
Q

how does sex impact pre-weaning mortality

A

boars are more at risk than females

76
Q

how does birth order impact pre-weaning mortality

A

70% of deaths occur in last half of pigs born due to experiencing more stress and less colostrum

77
Q

how does litter size impact pre-weaning mortality

A

greatest loss is seen in small litters (4 or less) due to mom being sick

OR

very large litters of 20+ to to less resources

78
Q

how does colostrum impact pre-weaning mortality

A

pigs that die consume 50% less colostrum= increased chance of dying

79
Q

how does prolonged farrowing impact pre-weaning mortality

A

pigs born to sows that experienced prolonged farrowing are more at risk

80
Q

how does dirty pens/ crates impact pre-weaning mortality

A

dirty crates = increased chance of dying

ASC 408G: Swine (37 decks)

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