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Addiction > Nicotine addiction > Flashcards

Nicotine addiction Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two explanations for nicotine addiction?

A

Brain neurochemistry (role dopamine)
Learning theory

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2
Q

are you gonna smash this?

A

yesss

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3
Q

What is brain neurochemistry?

A

Chemicals inside the brain that regulate psychological functioning

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4
Q

What does brain neurochemistry suggest about nicotine addictions?

A

Formed due to the repeated activation of the brains reward pathway

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5
Q

Where does nicotine reach when inhaled?

A

The bloodstream

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6
Q

What is activated when nicotine reaches the bloodstream?

A

nACh receptors and the brains reward pathway

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7
Q

How long does it take to activate nACh receptor and reward pathway after inhaling nicotine?

A

less than 10 seconds

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8
Q

What does nACh stand for?

A

nicotinic acetylcholine receptors

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9
Q

Where are nACh receptors activated?

A

The ventral tegmental area

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10
Q

What does VTA stand for?

A

Ventral tegmental area

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11
Q

Where are a large number of dopamine neurons concentrated?

A

In the VTA

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12
Q

What does dopamine indirectly stimulate?

A

The VTA

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13
Q

Where is dopamine released from?

A

The VTA

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14
Q

What is dopamine sent down through?

A

Mesolimbic pathway

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15
Q

What does dopamine reach at the end of the mesolimbic pathway?

A

D2 receptors

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16
Q

Where are D2 receptors found?

A

The nucleus accumbens

17
Q

What does NAc stand for

A

nucleus accumbens

18
Q

What does dopamine connecting to D2 receptors create?

A

Feeling of pleasure, euphoria and relaxation

19
Q

What happens when dopamine reaches the NAc?

A

Triggers the release of more dopamine from the NAc

20
Q

Where does the release of dopamine from the NAc go?

A

Down the mesocortical pathway to the pre-frontal cortex

21
Q

What is the prefrontal cortex responsible for?

A

What we pay attention to and decision making

22
Q

How does dopamine in the prefrontal cortex link to nicotine addiction?

A

Make the decision to smoke again in order to feel the same pleasurable feelings

23
Q

What does the brain neurochemistry explanation say overall about nicotine addiction?

A

Explains why people repeatedly smoke and become addicted to nicotine

24
Q

What type of conditioning is smoking behaviour learnt through?

A

Operant

25
Q

What type of reinforcement forms the addiction?

A

Positive

26
Q

What type of reinforcement maintains an addiction?

A

Negative

27
Q

How does positive reinforcement explain smoking behaviour?

A

Individual is rewarded with the feeling of the euphoria, smoke again to feel euphoria

28
Q

How does negative reinforcement explain smoking behaviour?

A

Stopping smoking leads to withdrawal syndrome, continue to smoke to avoid unpleasant symptoms

29
Q

What is cue reactivity?

A

Cues trigger cravings—cravings trigger addictive behaviours

30
Q

the pleasurable effect of smoking known as the ? reinforcer

A

Primary

31
Q

Why is the pleasurable effect of smoking the primary reinforcer?

A

The rewarding effect on the dopamine system is not learnt

32
Q

the stimuli associated with with the pleasurable feeling is the ? reinforcer

A

secondary

33
Q

Why is stimuli a secondary reinforcer?

A

Taken on the properties of the primary reinforcer and become rewarding in their own right

34
Q

What do secondary reinforcers act as?

A

cues

35
Q

What does a cues presence produce?

A

Similar psychological and social physiological reaction to the nicotine itself

36
Q

Example of an psychological and physiological reaction to a cue?

A

Craving
Increased heart rate

37
Q

Why does cue reactivity make a person want to smoke again?

A

seeks the primary reinforcement

Addiction (9 decks)

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