anat

Question 1

functions of urinary system (x4)

Answer 1

1) glomerular filtration
- glomerular filtration barrier
- blood vessel wall -> basement membrane -> podocytes

2) secretion
- K+/H+/NH3+ toxic

3) reabsorption
- glucose, salt, amino acid, Ca through peritubular capillaries
- Loop of Henle control concentration

4) excretion
- afferent arteriole thicker than efferent arteriole -> high pressure for filtration

Question 2

what separates left and right lobe of liver

Answer 2

falciform ligament

Question 3

what separates right lobes of liver

Answer 3

inferior vena cava splits right lobe into quadrate lobe (above) and caudate lobe (below)

Question 4

structures around liver

Answer 4

anterior: diaphragm
posterior: gall bladder -> stomach -> transverse colon -> right kidney (most posterior)

Question 5

liver hilum

Answer 5

• opening into liver
• hepatic artery (branch from coeliac trunk)
• portal vein (supply deoxygenated blood and nutrients from small intestine)
• common bile duct
• venous drainage through 3 portal veins that drains into inferior vena cava

Question 6

gall bladder

Answer 6

• common bile duct: left + right + common hepatic duct
• eat fat -> duodenum secrete cholescystokinin -> gall bladder contract + secrete bile
• lipid + bile -> micelles -> + pancreatic lipase -> fatty acids and monoglyceride -> pass through intestine -> lymph vessels -> directly transported to heart
• duct system for bile
  1) indigestive phase: sphincter closed, backflow of bile back into gall bladder for storage
  2) digestive phase: sphincter relaxed, directly secreted into second segment of intestines

Question 7

histology of liver

Answer 7

. Classic liver lobule
- hexagonal shape
- boundaries (tip) connected to portal space (portal triad)
- central vein in middle
. identifying features: pinkish cytoplasm + prominent nucleus
. portal vein + portal artery -> sinusoids -> Central vein -> hepatic vein -> inferior vena cava
. hepatocytes -> bile canaliculi -> bile tubule -> left and right hepatic duct -> common hepatic duct

Question 8

bile

Answer 8

. produced by hepatocytes
. functions
1) fat digestion: main func
2) fat absorption: emulsification & solubilisation
. composition: bile salt, phospholipids, cholesterol, bile pigments

Question 9

functions of urinary system

Answer 9

1) remove waste products & medication
2) balance water composition
3) balance electrolyte composition
4) release hormone that control BP
5) release hormone that control RBC production
6) control Ca2+/phosphorus -> bone health

Question 10

parts of urinary system

Answer 10

1) kidneys: produce urine
2) ureter: urine to bladder
3) urinary bladder: temporarily store urine
4) urethra: urine to external

Question 11

kidney structure

Answer 11

. retroperitoneal structure
. protected by thoracic cage
. L more superiorly located than R
. surrounded by fats
. lumbar region
. structures surrounding kidneys
1) right kidney: liver (posterior)
2) left kidney: stomach, spleen (posterior)
3) top of kidney: Adrenal glands
4) in between kidneys: inferior vena cava (left), aorta (right)
5) posterior: posterior abdominal wall