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AP Psychology > Motivation, Emotion, and Personality > Flashcards

Motivation, Emotion, and Personality Flashcards

1
Q

a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior (arises from interplay between nature and nurture)

A

motivation

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2
Q

complex behavior which has a fixed pattern throughout in a species and is unlearned

A

instinct

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3
Q

create an aroused, motivated state- a drive that pushes us to behave in a way that reduces the need and returns the body to homeostasis

ex: food or water, drive=hunger, thirst

A

physiological need

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4
Q

idea that physiological needs create an aroused state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need and restore the body to homeostasis or balance

A

drive-reduction theory

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5
Q

a tendency to maintain balanced or constant internal state

ex: regulating any aspect of body chemistry, like blood glucose, to a particular level

A

homeostasis

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6
Q

an intrinsic or extrinsic drive to do something

ex: the food deprived person who smells pizza baking may feel a strong hunger drive, and the baking pizza may become a compelling _______

A

incentive

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7
Q

relationship of arousal to performance; moderate arousal leads to optimal performance

-too much arousal causes distress and anxiety to perform perfectly while too little arousal causes boredom and poor performance

A

Yerkes-Dodson Law

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8
Q

pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher level safety needs and then psychological needs become active (created by Maslow)

physiological needs>safety needs>belongingness and love>esteem> self actualization>self transcendence

A

hierarchy of needs

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9
Q

the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues; when it’s level is low, we feel hunger

A

glucose

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10
Q

the point at which your “weight thermostat” may be set; when your body falls below this weight, increased hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may combine to restore lost weight

A

set point theory

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11
Q

the body’s resting rate of energy output for maintaining basic body functions

A

basal metabolic rate

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12
Q

defined as a body mass index (BMI) measurement of 30 or higher

ex: the average BMI for a 5’3 woman is 107-135; anything above 135 is considered this

A

obesity

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13
Q

having no sexual attraction to others

ex: All of Bob’s friends are beginning to become attracted to girls, and feeling sexually attracted to them, yet he feels nothing and no urge to do anything like that

A

asexual

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14
Q

the most important male sex hormone; both males and females have it, but the additional in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs during the fetal period and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty

A

testosterone

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15
Q

sex hormones, such as estradiol, that contribute to the female sex characteristics and are secreted in greater amounts by females than by males; levels peak during ovulation; in nonhuman mammals, this promotes sexual receptivity

A

estrogen

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16
Q

the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson-excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution

A

sexual response cycle

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17
Q

in human sexuality, a resting period that occurs after orgasm, during which a person cannot achieve another orgasm

-men enter one that lasts from a few minutes to a day or more

A

refractory period

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18
Q

the need to build relationships and to feel part of a group (social bonds boost survival)

A

affiliation need

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19
Q

deliberate social exclusion of individuals or groups

ex: Your friends are having a conversation, and no matter how much you try to join in, they constantly ignore you in attempts to exclude you

A

ostracism

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20
Q

excessive self-love and self-absorption

ex: Dad

A

narcissism

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21
Q

a desire for significant accomplishment, for mastery of skills or ideas, for control, and for attaining a high standard

ex: study on children whose intelligence test scores were in top 1% and when compared 40 years later on who were most and least successful professionally, they found a motivational difference

A

achievement motivation

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22
Q

passion and perseverance in the pursuit of long-term goals

“If you want to look good in front of thousands, you have to outwork thousands in front of nobody.”

A

grit

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23
Q

a response of the whole organism involving
1) physiological arousal
2) expressive behaviors
3) conscious experience

ex: heart pounding, quickened pace, “Is this a kidnapping?”/feelings

A

emotion

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24
Q

the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to an emotion arousing stimulus: stimulus»arousal»emotion

“We feel sorry because we cry, angry because we strike, afraid because we tremble.”

A

James-Lange Theory

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25
Q

the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to an emotion-arousing stimulus: stimulus»arousal»emotion

-my heart began pounding as I experienced fear (neither one caused the other)

A

Cannon-Bard theory

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26
Q

the theory that to experience emotion one must
1) be physically aroused
2) cognitively label the arousal

ex: You start sweating, and you label what you’re feeling as “anxious.” However, when you meet with them, they say they want to give you a raise. You are already physically aroused, but now, you cognitively label this feeling “excitement” as a result of the good news.

A

Two-Factory theory (Schachter-Singer)

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27
Q

a machine used in attempts to detect lies that measures several of the physiological responses (such as perspiration, heart rate, and breathing changes) accompanying emotion

A

polygraph

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28
Q

the tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness

ex: Mike is in a bad mood on his way to work, but when he starts, he smiles at every customer he sees; eventually, he feels happier just from smiling

A

facial feedback effect

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29
Q

the tendency of behavior to influence our own and others’ thoughts, feelings, and actions

ex: if we move our body as we would when experiencing some emotion (shuffling along with downcast eyes, as when sad), we are likely to feel that emotion to some degree

A

behavior feedback effect

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30
Q

the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging

A

stress

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31
Q

Selye’s concept of the body’s adaptive response to stress in three phases-alarm, resistance, exhaustion

> alarm-sympathetic nervous system is activated
resistance-temp, blood pressure, and respiration remain high
exhaustion-you become more vulnerable to illness

A

general adaptation syndrome

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32
Q

under stress, people (especially women) often provide support to others and bond with and seek support from others

ex: grief groups

A

tend and befriend resposne

33
Q

a subfield of psychology that provides psychology’s contribution to behavioral medicine

A

health psychology

34
Q

the study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health

A

psychoneuroimmunology

35
Q

the clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; the leading cause of death in many developed countries

A

coronary heart disease

36
Q

Friedman and Rosenman’s term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people

A

type A

37
Q

Friedman and Rosenman’s term for easygoing, relaxed people

A

type B

38
Q

the idea that “releasing” aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges

ex: yelling, breaking objects, violence

A

catharsis

39
Q

sustained exercise that increases heart and lung fitness; also helps alleviate depression and anxiety

ex: walking, jogging, cycling, swimming

A

aerobic exercise

40
Q

a reflective practice in which people attend to current experiences in a nonjudgemental and accepting manner

ex: relaxing and silently attending to inner state, without judging; closing eyes and mentally scanning body while being aware

A

mindfulness meditation

41
Q

people’s tendency to be helpful when in a good mood

A

feel-good-do-good phenomenon

42
Q

the scientific study of human flourishing, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities thrive

A

positive psychology

43
Q

self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life; used along with measures of objective well-being (ex: physical and economic indicators) to evaluate people’s quality of life

A

subjective well-being

44
Q

our tendency to form judgments (of sounds, of lights, of income) relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience

ex: judging events neither pleasant nor unpleasant based on our own experience

A

adaptation level phenomenon

45
Q

the perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself

ex: when someone receives an iPhone for Christmas.; initially, they are pleased with their gift, until they learn their friend received a new car for Christmas. Now, in comparison, the person with the phone feels deprived

A

relative deprivation

46
Q

an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting

A

personality

47
Q

theories that view personality with a focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences (developed from Freud’s psychoanalysis)

A

psychodynamic theories

48
Q

according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories; according to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware

A

unconscious

49
Q

in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing

A

free association

50
Q

a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives; operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification

-the devil on your shoulder

A

Id

51
Q

the largely conscious, “executive” part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality; operates on reality principle, satisfying the id’s desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain

A

Ego

52
Q

the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations

-angel on shoulder

A

Superego

53
Q

the childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the id’s pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones

A

psychosexual stages

54
Q

according to Freud, a boy’s sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father

A

Oedipus complex

55
Q

the psychoanalytic theory, according to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved

A

fixation

56
Q

in psychoanalytic theory, the ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality

A

defense mechanisms

57
Q

in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories

A

repression

58
Q

Carl Jung’s concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species’ history

A

collective unconscious

59
Q

a personality test that provides ambiguous images designed to trigger projection of one’s inner dynamics

ex: Rorscach

A

projective tests

60
Q

a theory of death-related anxiety; explores people’s emotional and behavioral responses to reminders of their impending death

A

terror-management theory

61
Q

theories that view personality with a focus on the potential for healthy personal growth

A

humanistic theories

62
Q

according to Maslow, one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one’s potential

-process of fulfilling our potential

A

self-actualization

63
Q

according to Maslow, the striving for identity, meaning, and purpose beyond self

A

self-transcendence

64
Q

a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help people develop self-awareness and self-acceptance

ex: when 19 year old Sally told her mother she was pregnant, she was afraid of being unwanted, unsupported, and unaccepted; surprisingly, her mother accepted her and told her she loved her no matter what

A

unconditional positive regard

65
Q

all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, “Who am I”

ex: Rachel has a secure sense of self, therefore she acts and percieve the world positively; Roger’s is negative, therefore he feels dissatisfied and unhappy

A

self-concept

66
Q

a characteristic pattern of behavior or disposition to feel and act in certain ways, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports

ex: extroversion, openness, agreeableness

A

trait

67
Q

a questionnaire (often with true-false or agree-disagree items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits

A

personality inventory

68
Q

the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests; originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use), this test is now used for many other screening purposes

A

MMPI

69
Q

a test created by selecting from a pool of items those that discriminate between groups

ex: MMPI

A

empirically derived test

70
Q

views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people’s traits (including their thinking) and their social context

A

social-cognitive perspective

71
Q

focuses on the effects of learning on our personality development

ex: a child with a very controlling parent may learn to follow orders rather than think independently, and may exhibit a more timid personality

A

behavioral approach

72
Q

the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment

ex: when a child is acting out in school, the child doesn’t like going to school; therefore, they act out in class; this results in teachers and administrators of the school disliking having the child around

A

reciprocal determinism

73
Q

overestimating others’ noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders (as if we presume a spotlight shines on us)

ex: researcher gave students embarrassing t-shirts to wear when entering a room with other students; feeling self conscious, the wearers guessed nearly half their peers would take note although only 23% did

A

spotlight effect

74
Q

one’s feelings of high or low self-worth

ex: a person with high self-worth may think “I am fun to be with” rather than “Everyone hates me because I am boring.”

A

self-esteem

75
Q

one’s sense of competence and effectiveness

ex: a person may feel extremely capable in taking a math test, but have extremely low self-worth overall

A

self-efficacy

76
Q

a readiness to perceive oneself favorably

ex: when we are late to class, we are more likely to say “I really tried to get here on time” rather than “I’m such a loser” because we are biased and have a good reputation for ourselves

A

self-serving bias

77
Q

giving priority to one’s own goals over group goals and defining one’s identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications

ex: Olivia goes out a lot with her friends, but still makes time for self care nights and spending time alone with herself; although she has a boyfriend, she makes time to do things separately

A

individualism

78
Q

giving priority to the goals of one’s group (often one’s extended family or work group) and defining one’s identity accordingly

ex: Anna goes out a lot with her friends, and when they cancel plans with her, she cries because she doesn’t know what to do without them; she has a boyfriend, and is so dependent on him for her own happiness that she doesn’t know what to do when he isn’t at home

A

collectivism

79
Q

theory that some emotional responses are immediate and some aren’t

high road: complex emotions like hatred or love which must travel from the thalamus to the brain’s cortex where it is analyzed, labeled, and sent to amygdala

low road: neural shortcut that bypasses cortex, emotions like fear, immediately process from thalamus to amygdala

A

Zajonc-LeDoux

AP Psychology (7 decks)

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