Medical Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the epidemiology of Malaria?

A

Sub-Saharan Africa (Lesotho being the exception, South Asia.
Plasmodium Falciparum causes the most common infections.

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2
Q

What is meant by Odyssean Malaria?

A

Transportation of mosquitoes to non-endemic areas.

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3
Q

Describe P. Falciparum.

A

Worldwide
Sup-tropical and tropical region
Most mortality
10-21 days

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4
Q

Describe P.Vivax.

A

Temperate to sub-tropical
Latency as hypnozoite for years
amoeboid in nature (trophozoite)
12 months

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5
Q

Describe P. Ovale

A

Africa- west
Commonest Non-falciparum infection
Hypnozoite for months to years
Cells- oval shape
12 months

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6
Q

Describe P. Malariae.

A

Worldwide
mildest
Chronic infection (untreated)
Nephrotic syndrome Ag-Ab GBM
12 months

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7
Q

Describe P.Knowlesi.

A

Monkey parasite
severe humans
Morphologically like P. malariae
South East asia

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8
Q

Describe the mechanism of clinical symptoms in malarial disease.

A

Rupture of RBC
Cytokine release from the host
Cytoadherence to endothelium

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9
Q

Describe Tropical Splenomegaly syndrome.

A

Hyper-reactive malarial splenomegaly
Large spleens, liver, anaemia
P Vivax can rupture the spleen.

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10
Q

What is hyperparasitaemia?

A

A parasite count of > 4% of red blood cells parasitized is treated as severe malaria

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11
Q

In terms of malaria, describe how to do a blood smear.

A

Giemsa stain
Thick- diagnosis
Thin- species

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12
Q

Describe how the rapid diagnostic test works

A

Parasite Ag- histidine-rich protein 2
lactate dehydrogenase
aldolase

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13
Q

How do we treat extrahepatic phases?

A

artermether-lumefantrine

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14
Q

How do you treat the hepatic stage?

A

Primaquine

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15
Q

Name the IV treatment for Severe malaria.

A

artesunate

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16
Q

How do treat complicated malaria?

A

Initially IV artesunate followed by
AL
quinine
doxycycline (not in pregnant women)/ clindamycin

17
Q

How do you treat uncomplicated malaria?

A

AL
quinine + doxycycline/clindamycin

18
Q

How do treat mix infections

A

AL + primaquine