Classism & Gender

Question 1

Individual Classism

Answer 1

-classism on a personal or individual level
-behaviour or attitudes

Question 2

Institutional Classism

Answer 2

-conscious or unconscious classism manifested in societal institutions

Question 3

Cultural Classism

Answer 3

-classism manifest through our cultural norms and practices

Question 4

Sex

Answer 4

-male and female; biologically based between men and women (also intersex)

Question 5

Gender

Answer 5

-masculinity and femininity; personal traits and social positions that members of a society attach to being male or female

Question 6

Binary

Answer 6

-anything separated into 2 different and clear-cut categories

Question 7

Gender Identity

Answer 7

-an inner sense of belonging to one, several, or no particular gender

Question 8

Gender role socialization

Answer 8

society provides different gender roles or scripts

Question 9

Patriarchy (Matriarchy)

Answer 9

a form of social organization where men (women) have more authority than women (men)

Question 10

Gender Hegemony

Answer 10

ideological domination by males over others (to point where an alternative cannot be imagined)

Question 11

Hegemonic masculinity

Answer 11

dominant form of masculinity in society that espouses men should be strong, brave, rational, self-reliant, heterosexual and dominate both women and subordinate men

Question 12

Hegemonic femininity/Emphasized femininity

Answer 12

the form of femininity typically matched to stereotypical behaviours and attitudes (e.g., being emotional, caring, nurturing, emphasized feminine look

Question 13

Second shift/ Double burden

Answer 13

women do more housework, childcare and eldercare (less leisure time)

Question 14

Glass Ceiling effect VS Glass escalator effect

Answer 14

Glass Ceiling effect: women have limited potential to move up
Glass escalator effect: male nurse quickly moves into administrative role (teacher -> principal)

Question 15

Sexual Orientation

Answer 15

preferences in romantic/sexual partners; not directly mapped onto to sex or gender

Question 16

Heteronormativity

Answer 16

the assumption that heterosexuality is a universal norm, making homosexuality invisible or ‘abnormal’

Question 17

Homophobia & Transphobia

Answer 17

Homophobia: irrational ‘fear’ or hatred of homosexuality
Transphobia: irrational ‘fear’ of, aversion to, or discrimination against transgender people

Question 18

Liberal Feminism

Answer 18

-belief and focus on individual rights of men & women
-legal and cultural barriers should be removed to allow men and women to reach their potential

Question 19

Socialist Feminism (Marxist)

Answer 19

-believe that liberation will only come through collective action
-family form must be replaced so that women are not ‘domestic slaves’
-calls for a socialist revolution

Question 20

Radical Feminism

Answer 20

society must eliminate gender; must separate women’s bodies from process of child-bearing

Question 21

First Wave Feminism (1850s-1940s)

Answer 21

-Female suffrage (1918)
-Women became ‘persons’ (1929)
-right to education, property,
custody rights, and the right to vote.

Question 22

Second Wave Feminism (1960s-1980s)

Answer 22

-Betty Friedan (1963) & the misery of the housewife
-No-fault divorce (1968)
-Access to ‘the pill’ (1962)
-Abortion access (decriminalized in 1969)
-Marital rape (1983)
-reproductive rights, recognition
of housework as labour, equal pay for equal work, and ending violence against women

Question 23

Third Wave Feminism (1990s)

Answer 23

-Recognition of matrix and that white middle-class women don’t speak for all women
-led to the emergence of contemporary movements for trans and queer rights and a recognition of unique ways that women of colour and disabled women experience gender inequality

Question 24

Consequences of Gender Stratification for WOMEN

Answer 24

-Women take more part-time jobs
-Women take more parental leave

Question 25

Consequences of Gender Stratification for MEN

Answer 25

-encouraged to partake in high-risk behaviors
-emphasized competition