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Mountains 101 > 2nd Half Mtn Studies > Flashcards

2nd Half Mtn Studies Flashcards

1
Q

Mountains in the Renaissance

A

Shunned in Europe

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2
Q

Mount olympus

A

home of gods, revered by Greeks

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3
Q

Hannibal’s crossing

A

a roman general first observed the physiological effects of altitude making mountains feared by romans, viewed as obstacles to commerce

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4
Q

Dragons

A

Represent mountains in China and were worshiped

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5
Q

3rd AD China Mountains

A

seen as dangerous and places of supernatural power

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6
Q

Hsied Ling-Yun poem

A

depict Chinese mountains as scenic beauty in 4th century

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7
Q

Human Presence in mountains was ____ years ago

A

100000 years, archeological evidence

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8
Q

Human Presence in American mountains was ____ years ago

A

10-11000 years ago

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9
Q

Machu Picchu

A

home of Incas who worship moon, sun, stars

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10
Q

The Sublime

A

Mountain aesthetic by Edmund Burke, thrill of confronting untamed nature, supernatural lays beneath surface

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11
Q

First National Park

A

Yellowstone national park

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12
Q

First Canadian National Park

A

Rocky mountain national park (Banff), started from Cave and Basin Hotsprings

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13
Q

Writers who talk about sublime spaces

A

William Wordsworth (The Prelude), John Polidori (The Vampyre), Mary Shelly (Frankenstein), John Muir

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14
Q

What Was Mary Shelly Inspired by?

A

visit to French Alps Mer de glace glacier in valley of Chamonix during the little ice age

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15
Q

Myth of the Frontier

A

return to primitive living would cure illness of modern society

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16
Q

Artists who promote myth of the frontier

A

Kevin Costner (Dances with wolves) and James Cameron (Avatar)

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17
Q

The Alpine Club

A

in London, first promoters of Mountaineering (climbing) in 1857

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18
Q

Victorian Mountaineering culture

A

early climbers were from professional urban middle classers

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19
Q

Appinines

A

in Italy, romans feared these mountains

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20
Q

Mt. Paektu

A

In Korea, ‘sky god’ or ‘heven like’

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21
Q

Mt. Kailash

A

In Tibet, revered as sacred, no one can climb

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22
Q

John Muir

A

described sierra nevada in 1911 as ecstasy evoking

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23
Q

Albert Mummery

A

died mountaineering on Nanga Parbet from an avalanche

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24
Q

Flow

A

the right amount of challenge and skill reaches flow. Too much challenge w/o skill gives anxiety and too much skill w/o challenge gives boredom

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25
Q

Maslows Heirarchy of needs

A

explains the psychology of mountain climbing as most mountain climbers have there basic needs met so will move to self actulization

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26
Q

Maslows Heirarchy of needs

A

explains the psychology of mountain climbing as most mountain climbers have there basic needs met so will move to self actualization

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27
Q

Loose Snow Avalanche

A

Little cohesion, fresh snow, causes most damage in the spring (but not as bad as slab avalanches). Get bigger as they progress

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28
Q

Slab Avalanches

A

Slab on weak layer releases at crown and slides on bed surface. Need slope angle of at least 30 degrees

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29
Q

Slope angle for avalanches

A

36-39 (60+ can’t hold avalanches)

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30
Q

Speed of avalanches

A

dry can be 50-200km/h (more dangerous as speed can melt snow and form debris) and wet are slower

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31
Q

Climax Avalanches

A

Slab avalanche in the spring that brings down all remaining snow

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32
Q

Glacier National Park

A

Has 134 avalanche paths with 14m of snow over 40km

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33
Q

Snowsheds

A

protect highway from avalanche

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34
Q

Rockfall Landslide

A

caused by steep slope and exposed rock caused by weathering, rock bounces and rolls

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35
Q

Topple Landslide

A

caused by steep slope and exposed rock caused by weathering, lg. piece of bedrock rolls end over end

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36
Q

Turtle Mountain Landslide

A

A rockfall landslide that was caused by tectonic shifting and undercutting by glaciers

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37
Q

Translational Landslide

A

Parallel, stays intact, usually clay, sand, and silt that have increased moisture or triggered by an earthquake, has steep headscarpe

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38
Q

Rotational landslide

A

Curved, slumps and vegetation tilts back, usually clay, sand, and silt that have increased moisture or triggered by an earthquake, has steep headscarpe

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39
Q

Earthflow landslide

A

Unconsolidated sediment that becomes saturated ( and surface underneath impenetrable)

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40
Q

Earth Creep Landslide

A

Very slow moving, little water

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41
Q

Earth Creep Landslide

A

Very slow moving, little water

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42
Q

Debris Flow Landslide

A

Similar to an earth flow but with larger sediment, most dangerous and triggered by large water influx

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43
Q

Protection from landslides (7)

A

Rockfall shelters, drape nets, catch fences, levees, metal anchors, ditches and drains, tree planting

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44
Q

Where do volcanos form?

A

convergent plates, subduction zones, hot spots

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45
Q

Basaltic Lava

A

low silica content (increased flow), high iron and magnesium, usually at divergent plates and hot spots in ocean

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46
Q

Rhyolitic Lava

A

high silica (thick), low iron and magnesium, usually at subduction zones and hotspots

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47
Q

Sheild Volcano

A

Basaltic magma travels lg area before cooling therefore gentle slope where gas escapes easily (mild eruption)

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48
Q

Tamu Massif

A

oceanic sheild volcano

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49
Q

Strato Volcanos

A

rhyolitic magna travels slowley creating steep volcanos. Gas gets trapped causing explosions

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50
Q

Examples of strato volcanos

A

Krakatoa, Vesuvius (pompeii), Mt. St. Helens, Mt. Pinatubo

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51
Q

Cinder Cone

A

Intermediate between sheild and strato volcanos (ie Paricutin in New Mexico)

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52
Q

Lava Flows

A

Impossible to stop but not life threatening (more very slow)

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53
Q

Volcanic Ash

A

contains glass and rock shards that can enter stratosphere and have a cooling effect

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54
Q

Pyroclastic Flows

A

Fast lava movement (moves at about 700km/h) that is very dangerous

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55
Q

Lahar

A

large amounts of snow mix with volcanic ash in rivers creating a wet cement

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56
Q

Biodiversity (4)

A

number of species, distribution, genetic varriation, and roles in an ecosystem

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57
Q

Speciation

A

Populations diverge untill they can’t interbreed

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58
Q

Allopatric Speciation

A

caused by geographic barriers (is Tyrian Metaltail)

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59
Q

Regufia

A

Areas that maintain good conditions during periods of environmental change

60
Q

Species Richness

A

number of species present

61
Q

Evenness

A

how similar abundance is between species

62
Q

Species diversity

A

species richness+evenness

63
Q

Hotspots for Biodiversity

A

2% of worlds surface contains half the endemic species

64
Q

Geographical Area Hypothesis

A

larger areas support more biodiversity

65
Q

Diversity Stability Hypothesis

A

diverse systems mean that there is an increased ability to withstand change

66
Q

Ecosystem servicies

A

benefits people receive from an ecosystem

67
Q

Nunataq

A

Tops of mountains that poke out of ice sheets

68
Q

Conifer Trees

A

reproduce via seeds and cones, have needles and don’t change color (evergreen). Don’t accumulate snow as much, have increased photosynthesis rate, and have narrow trachieds soo air bubbles can’t freeze in wood

69
Q

White Bark Pine

A

Lovated in upper alpine reigion, coniferous, Nutcrackers must break open their seeds, regulate snow melt in mtns with canopy, seedlings increased with fires to clear growing area

70
Q

Limber pine

A

Upper to mid alpine region, coniferous

71
Q

Larch/ Tamarak Trees

A

Shed needles in falll, have softer needles and photosynthesize better that evergreens to account for loosing needles

72
Q

Radiative heat gain

A

Plan adaptation that allows increase of heat from sun (ie dark colours)

73
Q

Conductive cooling

A

plant adaptation that decreases heat loss (ie pubescence, compact growth)

74
Q

Rosettes

A

have high stems for seed dispersal and marcescent leaves to protect from cold

75
Q

Freezing point depression

A

physiological plant adaptation where solvent concentration is increased to reduce freezing temperature

76
Q

Supercooling

A

Water is seggregated so there is no nuclei to start freezing.

77
Q

Ice Segregation

A

Plants dehydrate selves so that water won’t freeze and damage tissue

78
Q

Taproot system

A

1 large main root has small roots stemming off as an adaptation to thin mountain soil

79
Q

Lichens

A

mutualistic association between algae (photosynthesizes) and fungi (shelter). Can tolerate severe dehydration and photosynthesize down to zero degrees

80
Q

heliotropic

A

organisms that follow sun (ie Mtn Avens)

81
Q

Bees and Plant Reproductions

A

Specialist, prefers bright, sweet smelling flowers

82
Q

Fly’s and Plant Reproduction

A

Genralist, like white meat smelling flowers

83
Q

Bird and Plant reproduction

A

Prefer red, no preffered smell

84
Q

Motane

A

Land below mtn treeline

85
Q

Alpine

A

Land above alpine treeline

86
Q

Nival Belt

A

snowfall stays year round

87
Q

Ectotherms

A

use external sources for heat (reptiles)

88
Q

Endotherms

A

Generate most of own heat (mammals)

89
Q

Morphological adaptations to high altitude

A

fur and feathers, low surface area to retain heat, bigger wings (for thin air), darker colors (decreased albedo)

90
Q

Phylogeography

A

differences within a specifies that correlates to spatial arrangement

91
Q

Behavioral adaptations to high altitude

A

inactivity in cold temperature, seek out microclimates, basking, migration

92
Q

Physiological adaptations to high altitude

A

heat conservation (piloerection, vasoconstriction, counter heat exchange), heat generation (thermogenesis, hibernation, supercooling)

93
Q

Marmot hibernation

A

heart rate from 180-200bpm to 28-30bpm (new set point)

94
Q

Thermogenisis

A

shivering or brown fat (non-shivering)

95
Q

Supercooling

A

Water cools below zero by incorporating unique carbs and aa (ie propylene glycol, cryoprotectants)

96
Q

White Tailed Ptarmigan

A

only bird to permanently reside in north american alpine, changes feather colors depending on season, feathers cover feet in winter and they are more sedentary. Can eat snow for water

97
Q

Marmots

A

Hibernate 200 days/yr, can double mass in summer, burrows create microclimates, whistle to tell colonies about danger

98
Q

Yaks

A

Found in Himalayas where annual mean temp is 5C and doesn’t get about 13C. Thick fleece coat and subcutaneous fat. Don’t have sweat glands, heart and lungs are large for high altitudes.

99
Q

Geese Mtn Adaptations

A

Have efficient O2 diffusion bc lungs have 10X SA of humans and barrier to blood in 10X

100
Q

Bar Headed Geese

A

Migrate from mongolia to indea over tibetan plateu over 8000m high; lungs 25% bigger and breath deeper than normal gease. Hg has higher O2 affinity and have more capillaries

101
Q

How many species are in mountain lakes

A

1-4

102
Q

Bulltrout

A

Require temperatures below 13C

103
Q

Limnology

A

study of inland water

104
Q

How much of the world population lives in mountains?

A

12%

105
Q

What was one of the initial industries in the moutains?

A

Mining; dates back to Incas, brought people to mountains in 19th and 20th century

106
Q

What mountains are used for mining resources? (2)

A

Appalachia (coal), Cerro Rico (silver)

107
Q

What were the two movements for indigenous forest rights?

A

Chipko in the Garhwal Himalaya and Clayoquot Sound in the Vancouver Island Ranges

108
Q

What agriculture resources come from mountains (8)

A

potato’s, quinoa, wheat, barley, coffee, tea, cocaine, tobacco

109
Q

How much of agriculture does mountain farming make up in Europe?

A

18%

110
Q

What is the reliance on agriculture in the Alps?

A

4% of the population relys on agriculture, but this populaiton has decreased 40% in the last 40 years

111
Q

What industry is in the Jura Mountains?

A

Watch and clock industry

112
Q

Amenity Migration

A

People who move to the mountains for lifestyle reasons; brings affluence and modernization

113
Q

What has Switzerland done to limit amenity migration?

A

Capped the number of second homes in any region at 20%

114
Q

What percent of mountain regions are protected?

A

20%

115
Q

What is a protected area?

A

Land dedicated to protection of biodiversity and cultural resources through laws (IUCN)

116
Q

Trans Boundary Peace Park

A

Moutains along borders share protection among countries

117
Q

The UNESCO Transboundary Biosphere Reserve in the Carpathians

A

Designated a trans boundry peace park between poland, solvakia, and ukraine

118
Q

The Glacier-Waterton International Peace Park

A

Created in 1895 between Canada and the US from rancher advocates and allows for grizzly research and better fire rescue

119
Q

Alpine convention

A

Alps sustainable dedvelopment; 120M tourists/yr and 14M people live there

120
Q

Albertine Rift Valley

A

Most biodiverse region in africa, lots of poverty

121
Q

St. Elias Mountains

A

Biggest protected area (132km2), shared with canada and US

122
Q

Altai Moutntains

A

In himalayas, snow lepord lives here

123
Q

1st National Park Service

A

Parks Canada

124
Q

How has animal mortality been reduced on highways

A

Electrified mats and fencing, open span underpaths (grizzlys, wolves, moose), overpass, and underpass’s (cougars, black bears) have reduced mortality by 80%

125
Q

What are animal highway stats in Banff?

A

17-30k vehicles/day go through 82km highway where there are now 44 wildlife crossing structures and 55 cameras

126
Q

Louise and Guy Hut

A

in Yoho national park, runs on solar, wind, and propane energy, closed in Summer

127
Q

What percent of mountain regions are protected?

A

20%

128
Q

Climate change

A

changes to temperature, percipitation, or wind that occur for over a decade

129
Q

What are recent climate change stats?

A

CO2 concentration is currently over of 400ppm; over the last 800k years, CO2 was never higher than 280ppm

130
Q

A CO2 increase from 280-560ppm will cause what temperature change?

A

1-2.5C increase

131
Q

IPCC

A

International panel of climate change; leading international advisory body for climate change

132
Q

21st UN climate change confrence

A

Negotiated Paris Agreement: net 0 greenhouse gas emission by 2050 and limit temperature change to 1.5C.

133
Q

Elevation dependant warming

A

snow albedo, water vapor changes, surface heat loss and aresols which cause enhanced warming at increased elevations

134
Q

Mount Kosciusko

A

Highest peak in australia; has had a decrease in snow depth from 2m to under 50cm and a 377m upward shift in snow line

135
Q

Peyto glacier

A

in banff, has shrunk from 12km2 to 7km2 and lost 200m in thickness

136
Q

Ice core research

A

Can see chemistry in ice and observe trapped air for climactic evidence

137
Q

Effects of climate change in the mountains

A

Increased number of glacial outburst floods and land slides (from thawing of permafrost)

138
Q

GLORIA

A

Global observation research initiative; program developed to monitor biodiversity consistantly

139
Q

Impacts of climate change on biodiversity

A

increase in species richness, species move upslope (shrubs have a 5%/decade advance)

140
Q

Mountain Legacy project

A

collection of historical images of Canadian mountains that are being retaken to show mountain changes

141
Q

Prescribed fires

A

Used because repression of fires causes increased canopy covers which decreases grassland/shrubs, changing fauna (feeding source)

142
Q

Plains Bison

A

Have been absent from Banff since 1870’s, but now being introduced to Panther river valley (less people than where they used to live in vermillion lake)

143
Q

Reintroduction plan for Plains bison

A

burn plan program, reduced elk population (competitors), and maintaining predators such as wolves cougars and bears (selection pressure)

144
Q

Yellowstone volcano

A

super volcano that erupts 1000km2 of rock every 600k years; if it erupts there could be 1-10cm of volcanic ash (causing climate change)

145
Q

The Mountain Partnership

A

Aimed at improving quality of life of mountain people. Developed in 2002 and contains more than 250 groups

146
Q

International Mountain day

A

11th of December

Mountains 101 (2 decks)

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