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TV3001 > Zoonoses (Leo) > Flashcards

Zoonoses (Leo) Flashcards

1
Q

What is a transboundary animal disease? Give some examples.

A

“Highly contagious and transmissible epidemic diseases of livestock which have the capability for rapid spread to new areas and regions regardless of national borders and have serious socio-economic and public health consequences.” e.g Anthrax, Avian Influenza, Hendra, Rabies, Q fever

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2
Q

Why are transboundary animal diseases significant to trade?

A
  • Risk of loss of international trade
  • This robs people of income and nutrition
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3
Q

Give some examples of zoonotic diseases that are notifiable in human medicine

A

Hendra, Anthrax, Avian Influenza

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4
Q

Define food hygiene

A

All conditions and measures necessary to ensure safety and suitability of food of animal origin

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5
Q

What is inspection?

A

Examination and evaluation of animals, animal products by an authorised person prior to completing a certificate

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6
Q

What is certification?

A

Official document by vet which verifies health status of animals and safety of animal products

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7
Q

What is the purpose of the WOAH and CODEX?

A

Create standards for safe international trade

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8
Q

What is global health?

A

An area for study, research, practice that places a priority on improving health and achieving health equity for all people worldwide

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9
Q

What is the role FSANZ?

A

Develops food standards

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10
Q

What are the three main categories of hazards in vet science?

A

Biological e.g parasites, viruses
Chemical e.g allergens, Pesticide residues
Physical e.g metal, glass

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11
Q

What are the 4 steps of a risk assessment?

A
  1. Hazard identification
  2. Hazard characterisation
  3. Exposure assessment
  4. Risk characterisation
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12
Q

What is the public health risk of splitting a bovine carcass down the dorsal midline?

A

Exposes spinal tissue –> Bovine spongiform encephalopathy

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13
Q

What is xenotransplantation

A

Transplant into human of tissues from non-human source

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14
Q

What % of human pathogens are zoonotic?

A

60%

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15
Q

What % of emerging diseases are zoonotic?

A

75%

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16
Q

List some of the drivers of emerging infectious diseases

A
  • International travel
  • Urbanisation
  • Pop growth
  • Fragmentation of wildlife pops
  • Changing patterns of human-wildlife interactions
  • Climate change
  • Increased companion animal ownership
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17
Q

Describe the 5 stages of evolution to zoonoses

A

Stage 1: exclusive to animals
Stage 2: primary human infections only
Stage 3: limited human-to-human trans
Stage 4: sustained human-to-human trans
Stage 5: exclusive to humans

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18
Q

List 5 ways in which wildlife may be involved in zoonotic disease

A
  1. Translocation
  2. Bushmeats
  3. Wet markets
  4. Ecotourism
  5. Wildlife carers
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19
Q

Describe the epidemiology of ebola virus

A
  • affects primates
  • spread via direct contact, blood or body fluids
  • can survive in dead host
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20
Q

List 3 zoonotic diseases that are transmitted by biting/sucking insects

A
  1. Chikungunya virus
  2. West Nile virus
  3. Leishmaniasis
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21
Q

Who are the at risk groups for contracting a zoonotic disease?

A

YOPI: young, old, pregnant, immunocompromised

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22
Q

How can you prevent spread of Echinococcus?

A
  • worm dogs
  • don’t feed dogs offal
  • reduce numbers of stray dogs
  • improve hygiene
  • vacc for sheep
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23
Q

How can you prevent the spread of hookworms?

A
  • worm dogs and cats
  • don’t let kids play where faeces likely
  • cover up sand pits
  • scoop poop
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24
Q

How can you be infected with Toxoplasmosis?

A
  • eating undercooked or contaminated meat
  • accidental ingestion through poor hand hygiene
  • drinking water
  • cat faeces
  • mother-to-child
  • organ or blood transplant
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25
Q

Which bacteria causes cat scratch fever?

A

Bartonella henselae

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26
Q

How can you prevent kids from getting cat scratch fever?

A
  • don’t play rough with cats or kittens
  • wash cat bites and scratches immediately with soap and water
  • don’t let cats lick open wounds
  • cover open wounds
  • control fleas
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27
Q

How can you prevent contracting “parrot fever” or Psittacosis?

A
  • hand hygiene
  • avoid kissing birds
  • clean cages regularly
  • wear P2 mask, gloves when cleaning
  • dampen bird droppings or cages
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28
Q

How can you contract Rabbit fever or Francisella tularensis?

A
  • vector
  • skin contact with infected animals
  • bites or scratches from infected animals
  • drink contaminated water or undercooked meat
  • inhale contaminated dust or aerosols
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29
Q

What are the forms of disease caused by Yersinia pestis (black plague)?

A
  1. bubonic: swelling of LNs
  2. pneumonic: resp distress
  3. septicaemic: DIC –> necrosis
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30
Q

How can you prevent the spread of Yersiniosis?

A
  • remove rodent friendly habitats
  • wear gloves for game, wild animal or pet food supplies
  • wear repellent to decrease exposure to flea bites (DEET)
  • use flea prevention on pets
  • vacc for humans
31
Q

What bacteria causes fish tank granuloma?

A

Mycobacterium marinum

32
Q

Describe the food poisoning chain in relation to bacteria

A

Source of bacteria&raquo_space; bacteria transferred to food&raquo_space; food, pH, moisture, oxygen conditions&raquo_space; time and temp&raquo_space; contaminated food eaten&raquo_space; food poisoning

33
Q

Discuss the two main forms of Bacillus cereus derived illness in humans

A
  1. Diarrhoeal food poisoning: ingest bacteria growing in contaminated food, onset after 6-15 hrs
  2. Emetic: ingest pre-formed toxin cereulide, onset after 0.5-5 hrs, starchy foods that have been cooked incorrectly
34
Q

How can you prevent food poisoning with Bacillus cereus?

A

Keep food at <4 C or >60 C

35
Q

How can infections with Campy by controlled?

A
  • Cook chicken correctly
  • Hygiene when handling raw chicken
  • Decreased stocking density on farm
  • Avoid faecal contamination during slaughter
  • Hygiene on farm and abbattoir
  • Reduce rodent populations
  • Ensure proper PPE and hygiene for farm workers
36
Q

Describe three sequelae of Campy in humans

A
  1. Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS)
  2. Reactive arthritis (ReA)
  3. Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
37
Q

What are the main forms of botulism seen in humans?

A
  1. Classic food-borne
  2. Infant
  3. Wound
38
Q

What is the difference between intoxication and toxicoinfection?

A

Intoxication: ingest toxin

Toxicoinfection: ingest spores&raquo_space; toxin production in GIT or anaerobic wounds

39
Q

How can you prevent food-borne botulism

A
  1. Spores destroyed during canning 121 C x 20 mins
  2. Inactivated by heating to 80 C
  3. Children <1 yrs do not feed honey
40
Q

How long after ingesting Listeria can symptoms occur?

A

3-70 days

41
Q

Describe two forms of Listeriosis in humans

A
  1. Febrile gastoenteritis: fever, diarrhoea, vomiting, headache, joint and muscle pain
  2. Invasive infection: meningitis, meningoencephalitis, bacteraemia
42
Q

How can Listeria be controlled on farm and in processing?

A

On farm
- silage rapidly acidified to pH <4
- reduce standing water
- reduce faecal contamination during milking

Processing
- correct pasteurisation
- store below 5 degrees

43
Q

How can Listeria be controlled by retails and consumers?

A

Retail
- maintain proper storage and display temps
- separate ready to eat food and raw food of animal origin
- disinfecting

Consumers
- store food correctly
- at risk people should be aware of how to reduce their risk

44
Q

What is VTEC and what does it cause?

A

Verotoxin producing E. coli, causes haemorrhagic colitis or haemolytic uraemic syndrome (acute renal failure in children)

45
Q

What are the main reservoirs for Salmonella?

A
  • GIT (faeces and env)
  • Asymp. carriers
  • Undercooked eggs and poultry
  • During slaughter
46
Q

What is the main sequela of Salmonella?

A

Reactive arthritis (Reiter’s syndrome)

47
Q

Why is Salmonella Enteritidis of particular importance on poultry farms?

A

Infects the oviducts of poultry and is vertically transmitted (INSIDE egg)

48
Q

How can you control infections with Trichinosis?

A
  • Wash hands after handling raw meat
  • Cook meat properly
  • Freeze pork
  • Don’t swill feed or allow pigs to scavenge
  • Meat inspection: diaphragms of pigs routinely sampled
49
Q

How can you control infections with Taenia?

A
  • Hygiene
  • Prevent contact with human faeces
  • Irrigation
  • Toilets available
  • Wash hands
  • Abattoir inspection
  • Cook meat well
  • Freeze beef
50
Q

How can humans contract Toxoplasmosis?

A
  • Eating undercooked meat
  • Contaminated water
  • Unpasteurised milk
  • Unwashed veggies
  • Insects
  • Organ transplant
51
Q

How can you prevent Leptospirosis?

A
  • vacc animals
  • cover cuts when handling animals, soil, animal feed, veg
  • wash hands
  • clean workplace and home to discourage rodents
  • keep animals away from living and recreational areas
52
Q

How are humans infected with Leptospira?

A
  • Exposure to animal urine or water with urine
  • Skin contact with infected aborted material
  • Ingestion/contact with contaminated soil, water, food
53
Q

How are humans infected with Q fever?

A
  • ingest dust particles
  • contact with waste products
  • contact with soiled straw, wool, hair
  • handle infective placental tissue
  • consume unpasteurised milk
54
Q

How can you decrease the risk of contracting Q fever?

A
  • vacc
  • hand hygiene and PPE
  • P2 mask
55
Q

What is the phrase for preventing Lepto?

A

“wash up, cover up, clean up”

56
Q

What is Wallace’s line?

A

Separates Aus and Asian ecozones&raquo_space; very little migration across

57
Q

How can you control infections with influenza?

A

Animals:
- surveillance
- culling
- vacc
- quarantine
- prevent contact with wild birds

Humans:
- education
- communication
- hygiene

58
Q

What is the vector for JEV?

A

Culex mosquitoes

59
Q

Describe the clinical signs of JEV in pigs and horses

A

Pigs
- SMEDI
- orchitis in boars

Horses
- fever, jaundice, lethargy, neuro

60
Q

How can JEV be prevented?

A
  • human vacc
  • mosquito repellent (DEET)
  • PPE
  • stay indoors at dawn and dusk
  • remove things that retain water
  • mosquito nets
  • rugs for horses
61
Q

How is BSE controlled in Aus?

A
  • Meat and bonemeal ban since 1966
  • Ban on feeding any mammalian materials to ruminants since 1999
  • National TSEs Freedom Assurance Program (TSEFAP): surveillance and testing
62
Q

Compare the mortality rates of different ways of contracting anthrax

A

Inhalation: 100%
Ingestion: 50%
Cutaneous: low

63
Q

How can Brucellosis be contracted?

A

Contact with infected tissues and discharges, also inhalation

64
Q

How can Brucellosis be controlled?

A
  • Cover open wounds
  • PPE
  • Clean working areas
  • Feral pig control
  • Water reticulation
65
Q

How can Hendra be prevented?

A
  • vacc for horses
  • use PPE
  • remove horses from areas with flying foxes
  • clean and sanitise feed and water bins
  • isolate sick horses
  • avoid contact with sick horses
66
Q

How can humans contract Nipah virus?

A

Eating fruits eaten by infected bats and birds

67
Q

Describe the signs of Nipah virus in pigs and humans

A

Pigs
- harsh explosive cough and other resp signs
- convulsions, death
- mucopurulent discharge from nose

Humans
- fever, headache, encephalitis
- drowsiness, confusion, coma
- resp fail
- mort up to 40%

68
Q

Is there a vaccine for Nipah virus? How can it be diagnosed?

A

No.

PCR and ELISA, viral isolation

69
Q

How can Melioidosis be contracted? What are the signs in humans? In sheep/goats/pigs?

A

Through skin wounds, aspiration, ingestion of water, soil, dust

Humans
- pneumonia
- septicaemia
- skin abscesses or ulcers
- neuro illness

Sheep/goats/pigs
- caseous lung abscesses
- pneumonia
- high fever, cough
- ocular and nasal discharge
- lameness and arthritis
- encephalitis

70
Q

How can Melioidosis be prevented?

A
  • if high risk, avoid contact with standing water
  • wear boots with agricultural work
  • wear gloves, mask, gown
  • no vacc
  • keep livestock out of flooded pastures + treat wounds, keep dry and covered
71
Q

How the risks of open farms be reduced?

A
  • hand wash, sanitiser
  • keep away from eating areas and other livestock
  • clean area, remove faeces
  • bedding that can be removed
  • exclude sick animals
  • signage
  • keep species separate
  • vacc animals
  • boundary fence/containment
  • boot mat
72
Q

Define bioterrorism

A

Intentional release of pathogens to cause illness or death in people, animals or plants

73
Q

List some of the losses and expenditures of animal disease

A

Losses
- loss of production
- deaths
- fertility reduced
- delayed sales
- loss of market

Expenditures
- vaccines
- feeding
- insecticides
- new stock
- costs to regain market access
- husbandry costs

TV3001 (8 decks)

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