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Alevel > reaction reagents and testing (Chemistry) > Flashcards

reaction reagents and testing (Chemistry) Flashcards

1
Q

What reagent(s) and/or conditions are needed to turn a Alkane to a Haloalkane?

A

halogen molecule and UV light

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2
Q

What reagent(s) and/or conditions are needed to turn a Alkene to a Alkane?

A

H2 and Ni catalyst

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3
Q

What reagent(s) and/or conditions are needed to turn a Haloalkane to an Alcohol?

A

NaOH (aq)

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4
Q

What reagent(s) and/or conditions are needed to turn an Alcohol to a Alkene?

A

H3PO4 or H2SO4 and heat

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5
Q

What reagent(s) and/or conditions are needed to turn a Alkene to an Alcohol?

A

H2O (g) / Steam and H3PO4

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6
Q

What reagent(s) and/or conditions are needed to turn an Alcohol to a Haloalkane?

A

Sodium Halide (eg. NaCl) and H2SO4

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7
Q

What reagent(s) and/or conditions are needed to turn a Alkene to an Haloalkane?

A

Hydrogen Halide (eg. HCl)

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8
Q

What reagent(s) and/or conditions are needed to turn a Haloalkane to a Nitrile?

A

CN- (eg. KCN) and ethanol

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9
Q

What reagent(s) and/or conditions are needed to turn a Haloalkane to a Amine?

A

NH3 and ethanol

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10
Q

What reagent(s) and/or conditions are needed to turn a Nitrile to a Amine?

A

H2 and Ni catalyst

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11
Q

What reagent(s) and/or conditions are needed to turn an Alcohol (primary) to a Aldehyde?

A

K2Cr2O7 and H2SO4 under distillation

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12
Q

What reagent(s) and/or conditions are needed to turn an Alcohol (primary) or an Aldehyde to a Carboxylic Acid?

A

K2Cr2O7 and H2SO4 under reflux

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13
Q

What reagent(s) and/or conditions are needed to turn a Ketone or Aldehyde to an Alcohol?

A

NaBH4 (sodium borohydride) (to make H- ions)

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14
Q

What reagent(s) and/or conditions are needed to turn a Ketone to a Hydroxynitrile?

A

NaCN(aq) / H+ (aq) (hydrogen cyanide)

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15
Q

What reagent(s) and/or conditions are needed to turn a Aldehyde to a Hydroxynitrile?

A

NaCN(aq) / H+ (aq) (hydrogen cyanide)

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16
Q

What reagent(s) and/or conditions are needed to turn a Hydroxynitrile to a Amine?

A

H2 with a Ni catalyst

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17
Q

What reagent(s) and/or conditions are needed to turn a Hydroxynitrile or a Nitrile to a Carboxylic Acid?

A

H20 and HCl (dilute Hydrochloric acid) and heat

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18
Q

What reagent(s) and/or conditions are needed to turn a Carboxylic Acid to a Ester?

A

an alcohol and conc. H2SO4

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19
Q

What reagent(s) and/or conditions are needed to turn a Ester to a Carboxylic Acid?

A

dilute acid and heat

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20
Q

What reagent(s) and/or conditions are needed to turn a Carboxylic Acid to a Acyl Chloride?

A

SOCl2

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21
Q

What reagent(s) and/or conditions are needed to turn a Acyl Chloride to a Carboxylic Acid?

A

H2O

22
Q

What reagent(s) and/or conditions are needed to turn a Acyl Chloride to a Ester?

A

an alcohol

23
Q

What reagent(s) and/or conditions are needed to turn a Ester to a Carboxylate?

A

OH- and Heat

24
Q

What reagent(s) and/or conditions are needed to turn an Alcohol to a Ester?

A

A Carboxylic Acid and Conc H2SO4
OR
A Acid Anhydride

25
Q

What reagent(s) and/or conditions are needed to turn a Acyl Chloride to a 1* Amide?

A

NH3

26
Q

What reagent(s) and/or conditions are needed to turn a Acyl Chloride to a 2* Amide?

A

A 1* Amine

27
Q

What is the functional group of a alkane?

A

there isn’t one

28
Q

What is the functional group of a Haloalkane?

A

a halogen metal

29
Q

What is the functional group of a Alcohol?

A

-OH group

30
Q

What is the functional group of a Alkene?

A

C=C group

31
Q

What is the functional group of a Nitrile?

A

≡N

32
Q

What is the functional group of a Ketone?

A

2* =O

33
Q

What is the functional group of a Amine?

A

-NH2

34
Q

What is the functional group of a Aldehyde?

A

1* =O

35
Q

What is the functional group of a Hydroxynitrile?

A

-OH and ≡N

36
Q

What is the functional group of a Carboxylic Acid?

A

=O and -OH and the same carbon

37
Q

What is the functional group of a Ester?

A

-O- bonding two carbon species

38
Q

What is the functional group of a Carboxylate?

A

a Carboxylic Acid group with a O- instead of OH

39
Q

What is the functional group of a Acyl Chloride?

A

and =O and Cl bonded to the same carbon

40
Q

What is the functional group of a 1* Amide?

A

=O and -NH2 on the same carbon

41
Q

What is the functional group of a 2* Amide?

A

=O and -NHR where R is another carbon group

42
Q

what are the three types of test for anions?

A

Test on a gas - Carbonate test
Test on a precipitate - Sulfate test
halide tests

43
Q

What is the carbonate test?

A

By reacting a carbonate with dilute nitric acid and aqueous sodium carbonate bubbles will be produces that will turn lime water milky as they are CO2

44
Q

What is the sulphate test?

A

By reacting a sulphate with aqueous barium ions a white precipitate will form. (normally added as BaCl2 (aq) )

45
Q

What is the halide test and results?

A

Aqueous silver nitrate to halides to form precipitates.
Cl - white
Br - Cream
I - yellow
Lastly by adding aqueous Ammonia solubility of precipitates can be tested which is useful as they can be difficult to tell apart

46
Q

What is the sequence of Anion testing and why?

A

Carbonate
Sulfate
halides
as neither sulphate nor halides proud bubbles with dilute acid, Barium ions will react with carbonate to form a white insoluble precipitate (like sulphate) and lastly both sulphate and carbonate with form a silver precipitate that is insoluble

47
Q

What is the ammonium test?

A

when heated with hydroxide ions NH3 will be produced so gas bubbles are visible and a strong door is produced and can be tested with a pH indicator paper (turn pH paper blue).

48
Q

What are the effects of NH3 (aq) on silver halides?

A

Cl goes colourless
Br only dissolves in conc. NH3 to colourless
I is insoluble to ammonia

49
Q

What are the effects of NH3 (aq) on silver halides?

A

Cl goes colourless
Br only dissolves in conc. NH3 to colourless
I is insoluble to ammonia

50
Q

What does a catalyst do?

A

supplies an alternative reaction pathway that has a lower activation energy

51
Q

what are the conditions for dynamic equilibrium?

A

closed system
forwards and backward reaction rates are equal
concentration of reactants and products does no change

Alevel (4 decks)

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