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Physical Geography 1000 > Atmospheric water and weather > Flashcards

Atmospheric water and weather Flashcards

1
Q

water is in _____ forms

A

visible and microscopic forms

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2
Q

only common substance to occur in all three states naturally

A

water

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3
Q

hydrologic/water cycle is the

A

movement of water throughout the atmosphere, hydrosphere/cryosphere, lithosphere and biosphere

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4
Q

what drives the water cycle

A

energy exchange (sun) and gravity

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5
Q

weather

A

short-term day to day conditions of the atmosphere

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6
Q

climate

A

long term average (30 years) of weather conditions and extremes in a region

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7
Q

meteorology

A

study of atmosphere (short term weather)

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8
Q

nature of the hydrogen-oxygen bond

A

oxygen bond gives hydrogen a slight positive charge and oxygen side a slight negative charge

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9
Q

water molecules are ____ to each other

A

attracted

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10
Q

what is the result of the slight charges in the hydrogen-oxygen bond

A

polarity

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11
Q

hydrogen bond

A

positive hydrogen side attracts the negative oxygen side

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12
Q

unique properties water has BECAUSE OF the hydrogen bonds

A
  1. surface tension
  2. capillarity
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13
Q

surface tension

A

allows objects with a higher density than water such as razor blades and insects to float on a water surface

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14
Q

capillarity

A

tendency because of the hydrogen bonding for water to “climb” the edges of glasses, and test tubes… or to move between soil particles

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15
Q

what must happen for water to change from one state to another

A

heat must be added or released from it

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16
Q

the amount of heat absorbed or released must be sufficient to

A

affect the hydrogen bond between molecules

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17
Q

what is important to atmospheric processes

A

the relation between water and heat energy

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18
Q

heat exchanged between physical states of water provides more than ____ of the energy that powers the general circulation of the atmosphere

A

30$%

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19
Q

phase change

A

each change between states of water

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20
Q

examples of phase changes between solid and lique

A
  1. melting
  2. freezing
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21
Q

what happens as water cools from room temp

A

it contracts in volume
it increases in density

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22
Q

why does cooling water increase in density

A

because the same number of molecules now occupy a smaller space

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23
Q

what state is water when its cooled to the point of greatest density (4 degrees celsius)

A

liquid state

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24
Q

what happens if cooling continues past 4 degrees celsius

A

it expands as more hydrogen bonds form among the slowing molecules

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25
Q

pure ice has _____ times the density of water

A

0.91

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26
Q

why does pure ice float

A

because it has 0.91 density of liquid water

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27
Q

characteristics of water in a liquid state

A
  1. non-compressible fluid
  2. assumes shape of the container
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28
Q

how can ice change to water

A

heat must increase the motion of water molecules enough to BREAK some hydrogen bonds

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29
Q

1 gram of ice needs _____ heat to become 1 gram of water (0 degrees Celsius)

A

80 calories of heat absorbed

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30
Q

1 gram of liquid water at 0 degrees Celsius has to absorb ____ heat to become 1 gram of liquid water at 100 degrees Celsius

A

100 calories absorbed

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31
Q

1 gram of water at 100 degrees celsius must absorb ____ heat to become 1 gram of water vapour at 100 degrees celsius

A

540 calories

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32
Q

1 gram of water vapour at 100 degrees celsius must ____ heat to become 1 gram of liquid water at 100 degrees Celsius

A

release 540 calories (-540 calories

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33
Q

1 gram of liquid water at 100 degrees Celsius has to ____ heat to become 1 gram of liquid water at 0 degrees Celsius

A

release 100 calories (-100)

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34
Q

1 gram of solid water at 0 degrees celsius needs _____ to become 1 gram of liquid water (0 degrees Celsius)

A

release 80 calories (-80)

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35
Q

latent heat

A

heat energy of a phase change

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36
Q

will temp increase while latent heat in changing state

A

NO

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37
Q

water vapour characteristics

A
  1. invisible
  2. compressible gas
  3. molecules are independent of each other
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38
Q

is water boiling point affected by air pressure differences

A

yes

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39
Q

latent heat of vaporization

A

amount of heat energy needed to change liquid to gas

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40
Q

latent heat of condensation

A

water vapour condenses to a liquid (540 calories

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41
Q

latent heat of sublimation

A

gram of ice transforms into vapour (680 cal)

42
Q

what is the dominant cooling process in Earth’s energy budget

A

the latent heat exchange

43
Q

where is there a surplus of radiation energy

A

at the surface of the atmosphere

44
Q

opposite of latent heat of evaporation

A

latent heat of condensation (release 586 cal for every gram of water)

45
Q

when do small, puffy fair-weather clouds release water vapour

A

when it condenses into droplets

46
Q

____ use infrared sensors to monitor water vapour in the lower atmosphere

A

satellites

47
Q

how is water vapour monitored in the lower atmosphere

A

satellites using infrared sensors

48
Q

water vapour absorbs _____ wavelengths

A

long (infrared)

49
Q

why is it possible to distinguish areas of relatively high and relatively low water vapour

A

based on water vapour absorbing long wavelengths (Infrared)

50
Q

_____ percent of water is fresh water

A

2.78

51
Q

water runs (up or downhill) to _____

A

downhill to sea level

52
Q

is water in oceans freshwater

A

NO

53
Q

most water comes from the ____

A

oceans (97%)

54
Q

breakdown of freshwater

A
  1. 78% = surface
  2. 11% = deep ground water
  3. 11% = ground water
  4. 0.18% = soil moisture
55
Q

is the water cycle in continuous motion

A

yes

56
Q

what fuels the hydrological cycle

A

latent heat change

57
Q

what drives the hydrological cycle

A

sun and gravity

58
Q

is the speed of the reservoir in the hydrological cycle important

A

yes - melting ancient ice can be dangerous

59
Q

what fuels the formation of clouds

A

evaporation
transpiration

60
Q

humidity

A

amount of water vapour in the air

61
Q

what determines are sense of comfort

A

humidity and air temp

62
Q

absolute humidity

A

measure of the actual number of water molecules present as vapor in the air

63
Q

max absolute humidity varies with ____

A

temperature

64
Q

absolute humidity AKA

A

vapor pressure

65
Q

warmer air can hold ____ water vapour

A

more

66
Q

colder air can hold _____ water vapour

A

less

67
Q

relative humidity

A

absolute humidity / max humidity possible AT THE SAME TEMP

68
Q

problem with relative humidity

A

don’t know the size of the air parcel
(warmer = bigger parcel = less RH)

69
Q

saturated air is ___ relative humidity

A

100%

70
Q

desert air is ____ relative humidity

A

10 to 30 precent

71
Q

when is relative humidity 100%

A

when the air is saturated with max water vapour FOR ITS TEMP

72
Q

what happens at mid-day to relative humidity and parcel of air

A

air temp is rising = evaporation rate exceeds the condensation rate = same volume of water vapor is now 50% max possible capacity

73
Q

air parcel and humidity in the evening

A

air temp just past peak =evaporation rate exceeds condensation = relative humidity is low

74
Q

does absolute humidity change as the air parcel changes

A

NO

75
Q

warmer air

A

greater max water vapour possible

76
Q

colder air

A

lesser maximum water vapour possible

77
Q

what does relative humidity tell us

A

how near the air is to saturation

78
Q

what happens when more water is added or temp is decreased to something at saturation

A

active condensation (clouds, fog or precipitation )

79
Q

dew-point temperature

A

temp where something containing air becomes saturated and the net condensation begins forming water droplets

80
Q

does absolute saturation show if the saturation point is close

A
  1. NO
81
Q

what happens to an air parcel as it increases in the sky

A

it compresses

82
Q

_____ is the temp when we have REACHED saturation

A

dew-point temp

83
Q

when is the air saturated (in terms of dew-point)

A

when dew-point temps and air temp is the SAME

84
Q

frost point

A

temp of the air becoming saturated leads to the formation of ice (temps below freezing)

85
Q

what kind of relationship exists between air temp and relative humidity

A

inverse (as temp rises, relative humidity falls)

86
Q

when is relative humidity highest

A

at dawn = air temp is lowest

87
Q

when is relative humidity lowest

A

late afternoon - when higher temps increase the rate of evaporation

88
Q

why does relative humidity change throughout the day

A

because the temp,rate of evaporation, varies from morning to aftenoon

89
Q

humidex

A

relates sensed heat to temp and relative humidity

90
Q

with the humidex, when is it there the MOST discomfort

A

with high humidity and low wind

91
Q

why does it feel hotter than it actually is

A

body cannot evaporate sweat

92
Q

what state is less dense
solids or liquids

A

solid state of water

93
Q

what happens to water as it freezes

A

exapands

94
Q

cohesion

A

stick to itself (drops)

95
Q

adhesion

A

stick to other things (dew)

96
Q

water has high ____ -and _____ rates

A

cohesion and adhesion

97
Q

when heat is released water moves to _____ energy phases

A

lower

98
Q

when heat is added water moves to ____ energy phases

A

higher

99
Q

when are storms more intense

A

over high temps = there is more evaporation

100
Q

how do storms (hurricanes) get energy

A

from phase changes

101
Q

___ of water is in glacials

A

99.4%

102
Q

____ of water is surface water

A

77.78%

Physical Geography 1000 (21 decks)

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